The role of CD4 ؉ T-cell interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor alpha (IL-4R␣) expression in T helper 2 (TH2) immune responses has not been defined. To examine this role, we infected CD4؉ T-cell IL-4R␣ knockout (KO) mice with the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which induces strong host TH2 responses. Although N. brasiliensis expulsion was not affected in CD4؉ T-cell IL-4R␣ KO mice, the associated lung pathology was reduced. Infected CD4 ؉ T-cell IL-4R␣ KO mice showed abrogation of airway mucus production. T helper type 2 (TH2) immune effector responses are characterized by interleukin-4 (IL-4)-and IL-13-dependent signaling through heterodimeric receptors containing an IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4R␣) subunit (3). These effector responses are particularly associated with the resolution of helminth infections (16,32,34) and the induction of allergic reactions (12). IL-4R␣ signaling results in activation and upregulation of the transcription factors STAT-6 and GATA-3, which stabilize the TH2 program in polarized CD4 ϩ T cells (3, 27). CD4 ϩ T-cell IL-4R␣-dependent TH2 differentiation is considered to be specific to IL-4, as T cells lack functional IL-13 receptors (43). The resulting TH2 response is characterized by B-cell immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG1 antibody production (4, 37), goblet cell hyperplasia (17), and secretion of the TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-9 by a number of hematopoietic cells (26). CD4 ϩ T-cell populations and IL-4R␣ expression are essential for the optimal development of TH2 responses (16). However, no requirement for IL-4R␣ expression in T-cell subpopulations for the development of a TH2 response has been demonstrated. Indeed, the interesting observation that there is CD4 ϩ T-cell IL-4R␣-independent IL-4 and IL-13 production has been widely reported (8,15,23,29,31,40). Thus, IL-4-responsive CD4ϩ T cells may not be essential for TH2 polarization (20). In order to examine this possibility, we generated CD4 ϩ T-cell IL-4R␣ transgenic mice with 95.5% Ϯ 5.8% disruption of IL-4R␣ expression on CD4 ϩ T cells (CD4 ϩ T-cell IL-4R␣ knockout [KO] mice) (30). Infection of these mice with Leishmania major indicated that non-IL-4-responsive CD4 ϩ T cells can launch aspects of a TH2 response (30). Additionally, in ovalbumin-induced anaphylaxis (a TH2-associated pathology) T-cell TH2 cytokine secretion appears to be unaffected by IL-4R␣ CD4 ϩ T-cell expression (28). Together, these findings demonstrate that IL-4R␣ expression on CD4 ϩ T cells is not essential for generation of a TH2 immune response.In the study described here we further defined the roles of IL-4-responsive CD4 ϩ T cells by infecting CD4 ϩ T-cell IL-4R␣ KO mice with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. N. brasiliensis infections are characterized by a striking IL-4R␣-driven TH2 polarized host immune response which is essential for expulsion of adult worms from the host intestine (35). Importantly, N. brasiliensis infections are analogous to human hookworm infections (e.g., Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodena...