Cellular rejuvenation: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions for diseases

Abstract

The ageing process is a systemic decline from cellular dysfunction to organ degeneration, with more predisposition to deteriorated disorders. Rejuvenation refers to giving aged cells or organisms more youthful characteristics through various techniques, such as cellular reprogramming and epigenetic regulation. The great leaps in cellular rejuvenation prove that ageing is not a one-way street, and many rejuvenative interventions have emerged to delay and even reverse the ageing process. Defining the mechanism by which roadblocks and signaling inputs influence complex ageing programs is essential for understanding and developing rejuvenative strategies. Here, we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that counteract cell rejuvenation, and the targeted cells and core mechanisms involved in this process. Then, we critically summarize the latest advances in state-of-art strategies of cellular rejuvenation. Various rejuvenation methods also provide insights for treating specific ageing-related diseases, including cellular reprogramming, the removal of senescence cells (SCs) and suppression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic manipulation, stem cells-associated therapy, dietary restriction, immune rejuvenation and heterochronic transplantation, etc. The potential applications of rejuvenation therapy also extend to cancer treatment. Finally, we analyze in detail the therapeutic opportunities and challenges of rejuvenation technology. Deciphering rejuvenation interventions will provide further insights into anti-ageing and ageing-related disease treatment in clinical settings.

HLA class II polymorphisms as prognostic biomarkers for right and left-sided colon cancer

“…19 Lymph nodes are crucial for several biological processes, including the development of metastasis and immune modulation. 26 Lymph-node invasion is a prognostic factor for many cancers such as CRC 27 and pancreatic cancer. 28 In our study, DQB1*03 was negatively associated with lymph-node invasion in CC.…”

Challenges in anti‐aging medicine–trends in biomarker discovery and therapeutic interventions for a healthy lifespan

“…These approaches could reverse the biological age, at least in certain organs/ tissues, if not at the systemic level. 66 Another still debated problem around the rejuvenation strategies is how well currently used biomarkers of healthy aging can actually quantify aging and rejuvenation. So far, the epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation at specific CpG sites have proven to be the most promising in estimating both the health state of organs and tissues 67 and the mammalian biological age after longevity interventions.…”

“…DNA methylation, post‐translational modifications of histones, heterochromatin alteration), that most likely drive over the genetic determinants, cellular reprogramming with Yamanaka factors and epigenetic resetting 64,65 are the most promising possibilities to reverse aging in mammals. These approaches could reverse the biological age, at least in certain organs/tissues, if not at the systemic level 66 …”

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mechanistic Insight

“…Dyslipidemia in T2DM promotes the development and progression of atherosclerosis by forming atherosclerotic plaques when levels of LDL-C, especially small dense LDL particles are elevated. 61 These small LDL-C particles can easily pass through the artery wall and are particularly susceptible to oxidation, encouraging the build up of cholesterol, inflammatory cells, and smooth muscle cells once penetrate the artery wall resulting in the development of fatty streaks followed by fibrous plaques. These plaques may rupture, developing blood clots that can result in MI or stroke.…”