Central Bombesin Activates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Kent, Pamela; Anisman, Hymie; Merali, Zul

doi:10.1159/000054637

Cited by 17 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…GRP and the GRP receptor (GRPR) are distributed throughout the central nervous system and play an important role in regulating amygdala-dependent fear-related learning [ 80 ]. Previous studies revealed that GRP modulates the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the amygdala [ 81 ]. Markers of activity and attention, and fear-related learning were not affected by PS in these studies, but were positively modulated by EE [ 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment as an intervention for adverse health outcomes of prenatal stress

McCreary

Metz

2016

Environ Epigenet

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Prenatal stress (PS) has complex neurological, behavioural and physiological consequences for the developing offspring. The phenotype linked to PS usually lasts into adulthood and may even propagate to subsequent generations. The often uncontrollable exposure to maternal stress and the lasting consequences emphasize the urgent need for treatment strategies that effectively reverse stress programming. Exposure to complex beneficial experiences, such as environmental enrichment (EE), is one of the most powerful therapies to promote neuroplasticity and behavioural performance at any time in life. A small number of studies have previously used EE to postnatally treat consequences of PS in the attempt to reverse deficits that were primarily induced in utero . This review discusses the available data on postnatal EE exposure in prenatally stressed individuals. The goal is to determine if EE is a suitable treatment option that reverses adverse consequences of stress programming and enhances stress resiliency. Moreover, this review discusses data with respect to relevant hypotheses including the cumulative stress and the mismatch hypotheses. The articles included in this review emphasize that EE reverses most behavioural, physiological and neural deficits associated with PS. Differing responses may be dependent on the timing and variability of stress and EE, exercise, and potentially vulnerable and resilient phenotypes of PS. Results from this study suggest that enrichment may provide an effective therapy for clinical populations suffering from the effects of PS or early life trauma.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment as an intervention for adverse health outcomes of prenatal stress

McCreary

Metz

2016

Environ Epigenet

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“…For example, pretreatment with a CRF receptor antagonist can block the endocrine, sympathetic and behavioral effects of central GRP administration (Garrido et al, 1998 , 2002 ; Kent et al, 2001b ). Moreover, we reported that central BB administration stimulates the release of CRF from the median eminence (the primary source of CRF release during HPA activation) translating into an increased availability of this peptide downstream at the anterior pituitary (Kent et al, 2001a ). Interestingly, there is also recent evidence of co-localization of BB 3 and CRF receptors within the hypothalamus, including at the PVN and dorsomedial nucleus, yet the functional significance of this overlapping circuitry remains to be determined (Zhang et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Bbs In Feeding and Stress: Potential Role In Stress-induced mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and eating: a dual role for bombesin-like peptides

et al. 2013

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The current obesity “epidemic” in the developed world is a major health concern; over half of adult Canadians are now classified as overweight or obese. Although the reasons for high obesity rates remain unknown, an important factor appears to be the role stressors play in overconsumption of food and weight gain. In this context, increased stressor exposure and/or perceived stress may influence eating behavior and food choices. Stress-induced anorexia is often noted in rats exposed to chronic stress (e.g., repeated restraint) and access to standard Chow diet; associated reduced consumption and weight loss. However, if a similar stressor exposure takes place in the presence of palatable, calorie dense food, rats often consume an increase proportion of palatable food relative to Chow, leading to weight gain and obesity. In humans, a similar desire to eat palatable or “comfort” foods has been noted under stressful situations; it is thought that this response may potentially be attributable to stress-buffering properties and/or through activation of reward pathways. The complex interplay between stress-induced anorexia and stress-induced obesity is discussed in terms of the overlapping circuitry and neurochemicals that mediate feeding, stress and reward pathways. In particular, this paper draws attention to the bombesin family of peptides (BBs) initially shown to regulate food intake and subsequently shown to mediate stress response as well. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that BBs may be involved in stress-induced anorexia under certain conditions, but that the same peptides could also be involved in stress-induced obesity. This hypothesis is based on the unique distribution of BBs in key cortico-limbic brain regions involved in food regulation, reward, incentive salience and motivationally driven behavior.

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Effect of environmental enrichment on fearful behavior and gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor expression in the amygdala of prenatal stressed rats

Qian

Zhou

Pan

et al. 2008

J of Neuroscience Research

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Prenatal stressed offspring exhibit more fearful behavior in behavioral tests, which can be reversed by environmental enrichment (EE). However, the physiological basis of these phenomena remains unclear. Previous studies revealed that abnormal fearful behavior of prenatally stressed offspring may be a consequence of increased activities of CRFergic systems (corticotropin-releasing factor and its receptors) in the amygdala. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) also have an important role in regulating amygdala-dependent, fear-related learning. The aim of this study was to examine weather prenatal stress and EE can affect the expression of GRPR in the amygdala. We reported here that prenatal chronic stress (subjected to immobilization and bright light stress for 45 min three times per day) caused increased fearfulness in defensive withdrawal test but had no effect on the expression of GRPR in the amygdala. However, enriched environment housing treatment on postnatal days 21-60 can dramatically increase the expression of GRPR in amygdala and reduce fearfulness in the defensive withdrawal test. Our results demonstrate for the first time that EE can modify the expression of GRPR in the amygdala, which might contribute to our understanding of the physiological effects of environmental enrichment.

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Central Bombesin Activates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Environmental enrichment as an intervention for adverse health outcomes of prenatal stress

Environmental enrichment as an intervention for adverse health outcomes of prenatal stress

Stress and eating: a dual role for bombesin-like peptides

Effect of environmental enrichment on fearful behavior and gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor expression in the amygdala of prenatal stressed rats

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