Cercas vivas en sistemas de producción tropicales: una revisión mundial de los usos y percepciones

Abstract

Live fences in tropical production systems: a global review of uses and perceptions. The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth’s surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.

Composición química y producción de follaje de Erythrina americana (Fabaceae) en cercos vivos durante dos épocas climáticas

“…Influencia de la época y diámetro: La producción de follaje en MS y PB foliar no fue afectada por la época climática, la respuesta anterior puede ser explicada por el mayor contenido de MS del follaje durante la sequía y por la menor relación follaje/ramas en lluvias (P < 0.01). Una producción similar de MS y PB foliar en sequía y lluvias propicia que este recurso alimenticio sea una alternativa para dar sustentabilidad al porcentaje elevado de rebaños ovinos a pequeña escala localizados en la región tropical (Nuncio-Ochoa, Nahed, Díaz, Escobedo, & Salvatierra, 2001;Pérez et al, 2011;Martínez-Peña, Villagómez-Cortés, & Mora-Brito, 2018) y en aquellos con posibilidades de utilizar a los árboles multiusos como parte de los cercos (Maldonado et al, 2008;Candelaria-Martínez et al, 2015;Morantes-Toloza & Renjifo, 2018).…”

“…Aunque Erythrina forma parte de los recursos forestales en fincas ovinas localizadas en la región tropical, los productores de ovinos no utilizan este tipo de follaje como complemento alimenticio de forma rutinaria o estratégica, debido principalmente a que desconocen su composición química y la cantidad que se puede ofrecer a los ovinos (Maldonado et al, 2008;Candelaria-Martínez, Flota-Bañuelos, & Castillo-Sánchez, 2015;Morantes-Toloza & Renjifo, 2018). Tomando en cuenta que el follaje de Erythrina tiene un contenido de proteína bruta (PB) de entre 14.5 y 25.6 %, y de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) entre 52.4 y 71.6 %, se puede hacer factible su uso como complemento alimenticio para pequeños rumiantes (Oliva-Hernández et al, 2019;Hernández-Espinoza et al, 2020b).…”

Traditional agricultural practices and their contribution to habitat quality and carbon storage in arid Northwest Mexico: a social-ecological approach in the Rio Sonora sub-watershed

“…Additionally, there are negative theoretical relationships linking "technification" to "habitat quality" and "carbon storage." The replacement of living fencerows by other inert materials could decrease the contribution of services previously provided by this practice because living trees in fencerows provide shelter for birds and other wildlife, thus promoting biodiversity and contributing to carbon storage due to their amount of aboveground biomass (Schulte et al 2008, Snow and Snow 2017, Morantes-Toloza and Renjifo 2018.…”

Establishment and Natural Regeneration of Native Trees in Agroforestry Systems in the Paraguayan Atlantic Forest

“…Reduction in forest areas, mainly because of the expansion of agriculture [1,2], causes the loss of biodiversity and habitats and affects the provision of ecosystem services [3][4][5]. In tropical and subtropical countries, agricultural expansion is responsible for 73% of deforestation [6] and is a leading cause of species decline, including 74% of threatened bird species [7].…”

“…Trees can be planted in agricultural landscapes as linear elements, such as living fences, on the edges of agricultural fields, pathsides, and banks [10,18] and as islets, thereby minimizing competition for agricultural space [19]. Both strategies provide a variety of environmental goods and services [20], such as the maintenance and improvement of biodiversity [13], including pollinators and enemies of natural pests [21], the regulation of runoff and sediment and nutrient retention [1], water infiltration [22], production of edaphic organic matter [23,24], microclimate regulation [25], landscape connectivity [18], scenic beauty [26], and crop productivity [1]. In addition, agroforestry systems can provide benefits that help reduce pressure on the remaining forests [27].…”