Cerebral evoked potentials after stimulation of the posterior urethra in man

Nomenclature of the electrophysiologically tested sacral reflexes

“…[Rushworth, 1967;Blaivas et al, 1981;Vodusek, 1990;Amarenco et al, 2003] Anal sphincter Penilo-anal or Clitoro-anal Penilo-anal or Clitoro-anal Pudendo-anal, Clitoro-anal [Vodusek et al, 1983;Desai et al, 1988;Wester et al, 2003] Urethral sphincter Penilo-urethral or Clitoro-urethral Penilo-urethral or Clitoro-urethral Pudendo-urethral [Vereecken et al, 1982;Vodusek et al, 1983;Dykstra et al, 1987] Suprapubic region Bulbocavernosus Suprapubo-bulbocavernosus Suprapubo-cavernosus Bulbocavernosus [Amarenco et al, 2002] Polysynaptic re£exes Perianal skin Bulbocavernosus Ano-bulbocavernosus Ano-cavernosus [Vodusek et al, 1983] Anal sphincter Ano-anal Ano-anal Anal [Pedersen et al, 1978;Vereecken et al, 1982;Vodusek et al, 1983] Urethral sphincter Ano-urethral Ano-urethral [Vereecken et al, 1982] Proximal urethra Bulbocavernosus Urethro-bulbocavernosus Urethro-cavernosus [Dick et al, 1974;Hansen et al, 1990] Anal sphincter…”

“…The stimulation site, but not the recording site, also determines the neural pathways taken by individual electrophysiologically tested sacral re£exes. On stimulation of the proximal urethra [Dick et al, 1974;Rockswold et al, 1976;Vereecken et al, 1982;Desai et al, 1988;Hansen et al, 1990] and the bladder [Basinski et al, 2003] a¡erent activity is transmitted along the pelvic nerves, while on stimulation of all other sites a¡er-ent activity is transmitted along the pudendal nerves. In contrast, regardless of the a¡erent and central pathways and muscle detection, the e¡erent pathways of all sacral re£exes amenable to electrophysiological testing are the pudendal nerves.…”

“…On stimulation of the perianal skin [Pedersen et al, 1978;Vereecken et al, 1982;Vodusek et al, 1983], the proximal urethra [Dick et al, 1974;Rockswold et al, 1976;Vereecken et al, 1982;Desai et al, 1988;Hansen et al, 1990], and the bladder [Basinski et al, 2003], long latency (60^80 ms) responses are typically obtained. The long latency of these re£exes is probably due to the polysynaptic central pathway within the sacral spinal cord taken by these responses [Vodusek and Janko, 1990].…”

Neurophysiology in neurourology

“…One hundred to five hundred responses are averaged and then repeated to document reproducibility. The potential is readily elicited and consists of a positive peak, with amplitudes of 0.5–12 μV,138, 147, 148 designated as P1 or P40 (with a normal range of 30–49 ms)40, 47, 59, 148, 164 followed by a series of additional waveforms which are more variable and of uncertain significance 15, 40, 138, 147, 148, 151. Amplitudes have not been found to discriminate between normal and pathologic responses 35, 47, 138.…”

Elevation of sensory thresholds in the prostatic urethra after microwave thermotherapy

“…Fibres that originate from the pelvic plexus follow the posterior and lateral parts of the prostate and penetrate the capsule of the gland [9,10]. The innervation of the prostatic urethra comprises ®bres that run along the urethra and bladder neck, and join the pudendal and pelvic nerves [11,12]. The afferent nerve ®bres mediate sensations of ow, temperature and pain.…”