Cerebroprotective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia of the Combined Extract ofOryza sativaandAnethum graveolensin Metabolic Syndrome Rats

Abstract

The novel strategy against ischemic stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) targeting at oxidative stress and inflammation has gained attention due to the limitation of the current therapy. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammation of the combined extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens, the cerebroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia in MetS condition has been focused. Since no data were available, this study was set up to determine the effects of the combined extract of Oryza sativa L. and Anethum graveolens Linn. against ischemic stroke in the animal model of metabolic syndrome. The possible underlying mechanism was also further investigated. Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were fed with high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF diet) to induce metabolic syndrome-like condition. Then, MetS rats were subjected to reperfusion injury at the right middle cerebral artery. The combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg BW was fed once daily for 21 days. Neurological assessment was performed every 7 days throughout the experimental period. At the end of study, brain infarction volume, neuron and glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) positive cell density, the oxidative stress status, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-6), and eNOS in the cortical area together with the expression of VCAM-1 and the histological changes of common carotid artery were determined. It was found that OA extract decreased brain infarction, neurological score, oxidative stress status, and inflammatory mediators but increased eNOS expression in the cortical area; the increased VCAM-1 and intima-media thickness together with the reduction of lumen diameter of common carotid artery of MetS eats with MCAO were also mitigated by OA extract. These data suggest the cerebroprotective effect of OA, and the underlying mechanism may occur partly via the improvement of oxidative stress status, inflammation, and brain blood supply.

Phytosome Loading the Combined Extract of Mulberry Fruit and Ginger Protects against Cerebral Ischemia in Metabolic Syndrome Rats

“…Our data have demonstrated that MetS rats with cerebral ischemia show the elevation of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the brain. These findings are corresponding with our previous study [11]. These changes give rise to brain damage which in turn induces the failure of ATPase pumps which resensitive to free radical reactions and lipid peroxidation.…”

“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that the substance possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammation such as the combined extract of black stick rice and dill significantly improves brain damage and deficits in an animal model of ischemic stroke in MetS condition [10,11]. Our previous study also clearly demonstrates that the phytosome containing the combined extract of ginger rhizome and mulberry fruit (PMG) can also decrease oxidative stress and inflammation [12].…”

Interleukin-22 Plays a Protective Role by Regulating the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway to Improve Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

“…Multiple inflammatory-related cytokines are released in ischemic brain injury and participate in the damage and repair process of brain tissue, including ILs, TNF, interferon, and chemokines [ 45 , 46 ]. In addition, numerous data suggest that the inflammatory response is closely related to oxidative stress and aggravating I/R-induced cerebral injury [ 47 , 48 ]. Thus, it is clear that therapeutic drugs targeting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress can be very effective in improving cerebral I/R injury.…”

Neuroprotective Effect of Polyherbal Recipe Containing Ginger, Chinese Date, and Wood Ear Mushroom against Ischemic Stroke with Metabolic Syndrome Condition via Epigenetic Modification of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

“…The evaluation of neuronal density in the sensorimotor cortex (bregma 1.6 to -3.0, anterior to posterior) was performed by using an Olympus light microscope type BH-2 (Japan) at 40x magnification. The analysis was performed specifically focused on neuropil, neuronal size, and shape [22]. The density of the survival neurons was expressed as the number of neurons per 255 μm 2 [22].…”