Cervical fluid cytokines in pregnant women: Relation to vaginal wet mount findings and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts

Nenadić, Dane; Pavlović, Miloš

doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.020

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Donders et al [20] as well as Nenadic et al [36] claim that some patients with a mild, and the commonest, form of aerobic vaginitis (AV), are actually misdiagnosed as BV, or classified into the group with “intermediate” findings [18,19]. The present study observed that among women with intermediate Nugent scores, only 5.2% were classified as moderate AV and 3.7% of the BV positive cases were classified as moderate AV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic vaginal pH, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: prevalence in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, a prospective study in a low socioeconomic and multiethnic South American population

Krauss-Silva

Almada-Horta

Alves

et al. 2014

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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BackgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of spontaneous preterm deliveries (PD) in developed countries. Its prevalence varies with ethnicity, socioeconomic conditions and gestational age. Aerobic vaginitis (AV) has also been implicated with spontaneous PD. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic BV, the accuracy of vaginal pH level to predict BV and to estimate the risk of spontaneous PD <34 and <37 weeks’ gestation of BV and AV.MethodsWomen attending prenatal public services in Rio de Janeiro were screened to select asymptomatic pregnant women, < 20 weeks’ gestation, with no indication for elective PD and without risk factors of spontaneous PD. Vaginal smears of women with vaginal pH > = 4.5 were collected to determine the Nugent score; a sample of those smears was also classified according to a modified Donders’ score. Primary outcomes were spontaneous PD < 34 and <37 weeks’ gestation and abortion.ResultsPrevalence of asymptomatic BV was estimated in 28.1% (n = 1699); 42.4% of the smears were collected before 14 weeks’ gestation. After an 8-week follow up, nearly 40% of the initially BV positive women became BV negative. The prevalence of BV among white and black women was 28.1% (95% CI: 24.6%-32.0%) and 32.5% (95% CI: 28.2%-37.2%), respectively. The sensitivity of vaginal pH= > 4.5 and = > 5.0 to predict BV status was 100% and 82%, correspondingly; the 5.0 cutoff value doubled the specificity, from 41% to 84%. The incidence of < 37 weeks’ spontaneous PDs among BV pregnant women with a pH= > 4.5 was 3.8%. The RR of spontaneous PD < 34 and <37 weeks among BV women with pH > =4.5, as compared with those with intermediate state, were 1.24 and 1.86, respectively (Fisher’s exact test, p value = 1; 0.52, respectively, both ns). No spontaneous case of PD or abortion was associated with severe or moderate AV.ConclusionsA high prevalence of asymptomatic BV was observed without statistically significant difference between black and white women. The RRs of spontaneous PD < 34 and <37 weeks among women with BV, as compared with those with intermediate state were not statistically significant but were consistent with those found in the literature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic vaginal pH, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: prevalence in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, a prospective study in a low socioeconomic and multiethnic South American population

Krauss-Silva

Almada-Horta

Alves

et al. 2014

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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“…[16][17][18] IL-8 in cervical fluid is associated with an increase in the polymorphonuclear cell count, which reflects the presence of cervicovaginal inflammation and increases when there is an infection of the amniotic fluid in gravidas with preterm labor. 19,20 Moreover, IL-8 levels can be used as an indicator for the need of antibiotic treatment to prevent preterm birth. 21 Furthermore, the levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in cervical fluid are useful for predicting histologic chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and cerclage outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do the levels of tumor makers or proinflammatory cytokines in mid‐trimester cervical fluid predict early‐stage cervical shortening?

Seong

Lee

Koo³

2015

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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“…An endocervical swab is a popular and overall undamaging technique and has been widely used in the field of preterm delivery prediction (41), (42). Swabs of different materials such as cotton (43), (44), sponge (45), and dacron (46), (47) have been used. The swab is placed in the endocervix between 10 seconds and one minute to absorb the sample.…”

Section: Methods Of Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial vaginosis is associated with increased levels of IL‐1β in the lower genital tract of pregnant women in the first trimester, but not with elevated IL‐6 or TNF‐α (69). Not surprisingly, IL‐8 has been associated with elevated neutrophil counts on vaginal wet mount (44) and an absence of vaginal Lactobacilli (70); however, detection rates and colony counts of specific bacteria in the vagina ( G. vaginalis , E. coli , group B Streptococcus , and Candida species) did not correlate with elevations in cervical IL‐8 (70).…”

Section: Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 97%

The cervical mucus plug: Structured review of the literature

Becher

Waldorf

Hein

et al. 2009

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

129

105

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The cervical mucus plug is a large, complex structure within the cervical canal that is shed shortly before or during labor. We propose that the cervical mucus plug fulfills critical 'gate-keeper' functions based on its physical and immunologic properties, which help prevent ascending infection and preterm labor. The viscoelastic properties of the cervical mucus plug are determined by mucins (large glycoproteins), which can inhibit viral replication and exclude larger molecules and bacteria by preventing their diffusion through the plug. Furthermore, the innate and adaptive immunological properties of the cervical mucus plug are well suited for arresting bacterial infection by stimulating a robust inflammatory response. A possible association between an impaired gate-keeper function of the cervical mucus plug and preterm birth is discussed.

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Cervical fluid cytokines in pregnant women: Relation to vaginal wet mount findings and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Basic vaginal pH, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: prevalence in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, a prospective study in a low socioeconomic and multiethnic South American population

Basic vaginal pH, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: prevalence in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, a prospective study in a low socioeconomic and multiethnic South American population

Do the levels of tumor makers or proinflammatory cytokines in mid‐trimester cervical fluid predict early‐stage cervical shortening?

The cervical mucus plug: Structured review of the literature

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