Waveguide
enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) utilizes simple, robust,
high-index contrast dielectric waveguides to generate a strong evanescent
field, through which laser light interacts with analytes residing
on the surface of the waveguide. It offers a powerful tool for the
direct identification and reproducible quantification of biochemical
species and an alternative to surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(SERS) without reliance on fragile noble metal nanostructures. The
advent of low-cost laser diodes, compact spectrometers, and recent
progress in material engineering, nanofabrication techniques, and
software modeling tools have made realizing portable and cheap WERS
Raman systems with high sensitivity a realistic possibility. This
review highlights the latest progress in WERS technology and summarizes
recent demonstrations and applications. Following an introduction
to the fundamentals of WERS, the theoretical framework that underpins
the WERS principles is presented. The main WERS design considerations
are then discussed, and a review of the available approaches for the
modification of waveguide surfaces for the attachment of different
biorecognition elements is provided. The review concludes by discussing
and contrasting the performance of recent WERS implementations, thereby
providing a future roadmap of WERS technology where the key opportunities
and challenges are highlighted.