Change of periodontal inflammatory indicators through a 4-week weight control intervention including caloric restriction and exercise training in young Koreans: a pilot study

Abstract

BackgroundRecent cross-sectional studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Exercise training in high fat mice or rats can inhibit gingival inflammation effectively. The objective of this human intervention study was to investigate whether short-term weight control could affect periodontal indexes and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers in young Koreans.MethodsForty-one obese volunteers (body mass index (BMI) > 25.0) and 12 normal weight subjects (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.0) participated in a four-week weight control program to analyze the changes in anthropometric criteria, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides in serum, gingival index, bleeding on probing, periodontal biomarkers in GCF, and dental plaque index at the first and the 27th days.ResultsThe means of obesity measures decreased significantly more in the obese group (BMI 2.53 ± 0.96, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) 4.88 ± 1.58 %, LDL 35.85 ± 21.74 mgdL−1) than in the normal weight group (BMI 0.78 ± 0.72, WHR 2.00 ± 0.95 %, LDL 15.58 ± 18.07 mgdL−1). While the obese group showed significant decreases in the biomarkers in GCF (IL-1β 58.38 ± 65.55 pgmL−1, MMP-8 4.19 ± 5.61 ngmL−1, MMP-9 3.36 ± 6.30 ngmL−1), the mean changes for the normal weight group (IL-1β 10.07 ± 21.08 pgmL−1, MMP-8 1.49 ± 4.61 ngmL−1, MMP-9 -1.52 ± 9.71 ngmL−1) were not statistically significant. Anthropometric measures and the amounts of GCF biomarkers had weak positive correlations (0.242 ≤ r ≤ 0.340), and LDL in serum correlated with MMP-8 (r = 0.332) and IL-1β (r = 0.342) in the obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in the obese group showed that the relationship between the amount of IL-1β in GCF and predictor variables including LDL and BMI was highly significant and accounted for 19.1 % of the variance in IL-1β in GCF.ConclusionsIn periodontally healthy subjects, weight control could reduce the amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β in GCF of the obese subjects. Further studies with periodontally unhealthy and obese people are needed to identify the mechanism of decreases in inflammation biomarkers in GCF through weight control.Trial registrationISRCTN86753073 (2015.08.14)

The influence of an anti‐inflammatory diet on gingivitis. A randomized controlled trial

“…The significant weight loss in the experimental group can be explained by the significant lower intake of total energy (and accordingly macronutrients) which supports studies showing a hyper‐caloric intake under Western diet conditions (López‐Otín, Galluzzi, Freije, Madeo, & Kroemer, ). Besides the specific dietary effects of macro‐ and micronutrients, a lower caloric intake is also associated with better periodontal conditions (Park, Nam, Seo, & Hwang, ). The reason for the significant reduction of total energy in the experimental group might be due to different reasons.…”

Cytokine Profile in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Weight management in obese subjects has shown a reduction in systemic inflammatory burden as expressed by lower levels of serum cytokines [ 47 , 48 ]. It is also reported that weight control could reduce the amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1 β in GCF of obese subjects with healthy periodontium [ 49 ]. The effect of periodontal therapy on obesity has been reported in recent study [ 50 ]; however, the effect of weight control on GCF cytokine profile in obese patients with CP still needs to be assessed.…”

Anti-Aging Effects of Calorie Restriction (CR) and CR Mimetics Based on the Senoinflammation Concept

“…Based on CR experimen cytokine, chemokine, and metabolic pathways are significantly regulated by CR the aging process. It is expected that a better understanding of senoinflam mechanisms will provide a basis for the discovery of molecular targets that modulate age-related chronic inflammatory conditions and enable the develop effective interventions to delay aging and prevent the occurrence of aging-assoc ├ Human, Mouse, Rat [82,[228][229][230] IL-6 ↑ the intracellular organelles, tissues, and systems, which affects the developmen metabolic disorders. It appears that a repetitive vicious cycle occurs between S dysregulation as proposed in the concept of senoinflammation, and this intera the basis of the aging process and age-related diseases.…”