Changed patterns of cerebral activation related to clinically normal hand movement in cervical dystonia

Sensorimotor network in cervical dystonia and the effect of botulinum toxin treatment: A functional MRI study

“…This finding agrees with results of another functional imaging study on cervical dystonia patients and could be explained by higher inter-individual variability in the spatial pattern of recruited compensatory circuits resulting in a low group mean activation [23]. Alternatively, the reduced activation extent may relate to the reported generalized kinematic deficits [9].…”

“…Abnormal activation in this area was reported in previous dystonia imaging studies testing sensorimotor tasks with both the affected and unaffected body parts [23].…”

“…Abnormal cortical excitability [22] and activation [23] have been observed when contrasting CD patients and normal controls. Several behavioral studies also documented diffuse cortical abnormality extending beyond the clinically affected body part in CD [7,9].…”

Structural, functional and molecular imaging of the brain in primary focal dystonia—A review

“…Another outstanding difference is the activation of the PMC in patients with BLS measured with fMRI. In studies using a task that did not induce dystonia in patients with CD, FHD, WC and SD a decrease in activation of the PMC and/or SMC is found (de Vries et al, 2008;Haslinger et al, 2005;Oga et al, 2002). However, in patients with BLS an increase of activation in the PMC and SMC was found in two studies.…”

Somatosensory Cortical Activation in Cervical Dystonia and Its Modulation With Botulinum Toxin: An fMRI Study

“…This structure becomes involved during motor recovery after stroke [27] and may also take part in sensorimotor integration. The role of insula in the development of dystonia is not clear, but abnormal activation of insular cortex was detected in fMRI experiments studying sensorimotor activation in focal hand dystonia [28], as well as in CD [29].…”