Structural, functional and molecular imaging of the brain in primary focal dystonia—A review

Zoons, Evelien; Booij, Jan; Nederveen, Aart J.; Dijk, J. Marc C. van; Tijssen, Marina A. J.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.045

Cited by 135 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Neychev et al [3] discuss the concept that irritative lesions to the cerebellum, which do not involve loss of cerebellar tissue but rather distort cerebellar output, can lead to dystonia. These lesions are likely to be focal hemorrhages or space-occupying lesions that compress and distort cerebellar functions, leading to an increase rather than a decrease in blood flow to the cerebellum [3,9]. The hypothesis is consistent with the relationship between dystonia and tremor because tremor is also viewed as a distortion of cerebellar functioning [2].…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Dissecting the Links Between Cerebellum and Dystonia

Malone

Manto²,

Hass

2014

Cerebellum

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Dystonia is a common movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions. These contractions generate twisting and repetitive movements or typical abnormal postures, often exacerbated by voluntary movement. Dystonia can affect almost all the voluntary muscles. For several decades, the discussion on the pathogenesis has been focused on basal ganglia circuits, especially striatal networks. So far, although dystonia has been observed in some forms of ataxia such as dominant ataxias, the link between the cerebellum and dystonia has remained unclear. Recent human studies and experimental data mainly in rodents show that the cerebellum circuitry could also be a key player in the pathogenesis of some forms of dystonia. In particular, studies based on behavioral adaptation paradigm shed light on the links between dystonia and cerebellum. The spectrum of movement disorders in which the cerebellum is implicated is continuously expanding, and manipulation of cerebellar circuits might even emerge as a candidate therapy in the coming years.

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confidence: 61%

Dissecting the Links Between Cerebellum and Dystonia

Malone

Manto²,

Hass

2014

Cerebellum

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“…Attention deficit was reported by recent studies of patients with different types of dystonia, including primary generalized dystonia and focal dystonia (Allam, Frank, Pereira, & Tomaz, 2007; Scott et al., 2003). Attention deficit may indicate the disruption of the dorsolateral‐prefrontal loop, which involves the striatum, thalamus and prefrontal cortex, regions showing altered functional activity and microstructural abnormalities in dystonia (Yang et al., 2013; Zoons, Booij, Nederveen, Dijk, & Tijssen, 2011). Deficits in visuospatial functioning have also been reported in CD and BSP patients and were not correlated with severity or duration of dystonia, which may reflect dysfunction in striatal‐frontal circuits (Aleman et al., 2009; Hinse et al., 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered functional activity and glucose metabolism in frontal and temporal lobes, regions are associated with verbal fluency, which may provide the neuroanatomical basis for deficits in verbal fluency (Kerrison et al., 2003; Schmidt et al., 2003). The lack of correlation between cognitive performance and severity of motor symptoms indicate that cognitive decline may be a clinical expression of dystonia, which was supported by the broad cortical involvements with either the disruption occurring at the frontal‐subcortical loops involving the basal ganglia, or the dysfunction of other nonmotor regions including cingulate, occipital lobe, parietal, or temporal lobe (Yang et al., 2013; Zoons et al., 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset cervical dystonia and blepharospasm

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe nature and frequency of nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BSP) patients in Chinese populations remain unknown.MethodsHamilton's Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton's Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to evaluate NMS in 120 patients with primary focal adult‐onset dystonia (60 with BSP and 60 with CD) and 60 age‐, sex‐, and education level‐ matched healthy controls (HCs). Motor symptoms of BSP and CD patients were evaluated by Jankovic rating scale and Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale‐severity scale separately.ResultsTwenty patients had depression, and 29 patients had anxiety. The mean HAMD and HAMA scores were significantly higher in patient groups. Thirty‐six patients had cognitive decline based on the cut‐off score of 75. The total score and scores of each domain of ACE‐R were significantly lower in patient groups than that in HCs. Quality of sleep was impaired in patient groups, and patients with CD had worse quality of sleep than patients with BSP. Thirty‐three BSP patients and 43 CD patients suffered from sleep disorder separately. The frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness did not differ between patients and HCs. No significant correlation was found between NMS and motor severity in the two forms of dystonia.ConclusionsCurrent study suggests that NMS are prevalent in Chinese CD and BSP patients, and the motor severity of dystonia did not contribute to the severity of nonmotor symptoms. Assessment of nonmotor symptoms should be considered in clinical management of focal dystonia

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“…[62][63][64] Functional changes were also recorded during task performance in sensorimotor-related areas. 65 Tasks that induced dystonia were frequently associated with increased activation in motor regions and associated areas, whereas tasks that did not induce dystonia, probably showing primary changes in the brain or longstanding consequences of dystonia, were associated with more variable activation changes. Abnormalities in movement imagination and in sensory representation in dystonias have also been reported, 66 supporting the view that afferent inputs are inadequately processed at several levels of the CNS, as shown with electrophysiological techniques.…”

Section: Dystoniamentioning

confidence: 98%

Imaging insights into basal ganglia function, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia

Stoessl¹,

Lehericy²,

Strafella³

2014

The Lancet

141

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Recent advances in structural and functional imaging have greatly improved our ability to assess normal functions of the basal ganglia, diagnose parkinsonian syndromes, understand the pathophysiology of parkinsonism and other movement disorders, and detect and monitor disease progression. Radionuclide imaging is the best way to detect and monitor dopamine deficiency, and will probably continue to be the best biomarker for assessment of the effects of disease-modifying therapies. However, advances in magnetic resonance enable the separation of patients with Parkinson's disease from healthy controls, and show great promise for differentiation between Parkinson's disease and other akinetic-rigid syndromes. Radionuclide imaging is useful to show the dopaminergic basis for both motor and behavioural complications of Parkinson's disease and its treatment, and alterations in non-dopaminergic systems. Both PET and MRI can be used to study patterns of functional connectivity in the brain, which is disrupted in Parkinson's disease and in association with its complications, and in other basal-ganglia disorders such as dystonia, in which an anatomical substrate is not otherwise apparent. Functional imaging is increasingly used to assess underlying pathological processes such as neuroinflammation and abnormal protein Correspondence to: Prof A J Stoessl,

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Structural, functional and molecular imaging of the brain in primary focal dystonia—A review

Cited by 135 publications

References 86 publications

Dissecting the Links Between Cerebellum and Dystonia

Dissecting the Links Between Cerebellum and Dystonia

Nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset cervical dystonia and blepharospasm

Imaging insights into basal ganglia function, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia

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