Changes in food intake during menstrual cycles and pregnancy of normal and diabetic rhesus monkeys

Abstract

Food intake of control and streptozotocin-diabetic rhesus monkeys was measured during menstrual cycles and pregnancy. Intake of control monkeys was lower at the time of ovulation than during other phases of the menstrual cycle. Intake of control monkeys was also low during most of pregnancy, but this was accompanied by normal fetal growth and net maternal weight gain. Diabetic monkeys ate more than controls in all conditions and their intake did not vary reliably according to reproductive status. It is suggested that (1) oestrogen normally inhibits food intake during menstrual cycles and pregnancy, (2) food energy is utilized more efficiently during pregnancy than during non-pregnant states, and (3) the influence of oestrogen on food intake is either attenuated by insulinopenia or is obscured by the hyperphagia typically exhibited by the diabetic monkeys.

The effects of ovariectomy on binge eating proneness in adult female rats

“…Experimental studies of non-human primates could help address this possibility, although relatively few studies have been conducted. Initial data suggest that food intake is higher during the luteal than the follicular or ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle in female monkeys (Bielert and Busse, 1983; Czaja, 1975, 1978; Kemnitz et al, 1984; Kemnitz et al, 1989; Rosenblatt et al, 1980). However, progesterone treatment alone has only inconsistently affected food intake in ovariectomized monkeys (Czaja, 1978; Roth et al, 2005).…”

Food “Cravings” and the Acute Effects of Alprazolam on Food Intake in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

“…Dalvit, 1981;Dalvit-McPhillips, 1983;Manocha et al, 1986;Pliner & Fleming, 1983;Tarasuk & Beaton, 1991). However, in both non-human primates (Gilbert & Gillman, 1956;Kemnitz et al, 1984;Rosenblatt et al, 1980) and humans (Johnson et al, 1994), food intake has been shown to peak during the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when progesterone levels are highest, and start declining as progesterone levels drop during the late luteal phase. Therefore, the increases in food intake observed between the premenstrual and postmenstrual phases in many studies could be accounted for by the increased food intake during the mid-luteal phase.…”

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

“…18 In the majority of women the menstrual cycle averages 28 days, where the day of onset of menstruation is generally referred to as day 1. 19 The cycle can be divided into four phases: menstruation or early follicular phase (days 1-4), late follicular phase (days 5-11), periovulation (days 12-15) and the luteal phase (days [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. 19 The culmination of the follicular phase occurs when ovulation takes place around day 14 or 15.…”

“…[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Consequently, it has been hypothesized that estrogens reduce appetite and EI and are thus reciprocal to a possible appetite-stimulating effect of progesterone in animals. In humans, a review has summarized EI in relation to menstrual cycle phases in 30 studies, which included a total of 37 groups of women.…”