Changes in States of Consciousness during a Period of Silence after a Session of Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT)

Pfeifer, Eric; Sarikaya, Anna; Wittmann, Marc

doi:10.47513/mmd.v8i4.473

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…All STSS items as well as the IPQ ratings and VEQ ratings were analyzed on the interval measurement scale (Boone and Boone, 2012;Pfeifer et al, 2016;Jokic et al, 2018). When normality and variance equality were given, each STSS item was analyzed with a one-way Anova.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

Unruh

Landeck

Oberdörfer

et al. 2021

Front. Virtual Real.

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Psycho-pathological conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia, are often accompanied by a distorted perception of time. People suffering from this conditions often report that the passage of time slows down considerably and that they are “stuck in time.” Virtual Reality (VR) could potentially help to diagnose and maybe treat such mental conditions. However, the conditions in which a VR simulation could correctly diagnose a time perception deviation are still unknown. In this paper, we present an experiment investigating the difference in time experience with and without a virtual body in VR, also known as avatar. The process of substituting a person’s body with a virtual body is called avatar embodiment. Numerous studies demonstrated interesting perceptual, emotional, behavioral, and psychological effects caused by avatar embodiment. However, the relations between time perception and avatar embodiment are still unclear. Whether or not the presence or absence of an avatar is already influencing time perception is still open to question. Therefore, we conducted a between-subjects design with and without avatar embodiment as well as a real condition (avatar vs. no-avatar vs. real). A group of 105 healthy subjects had to wait for seven and a half minutes in a room without any distractors (e.g., no window, magazine, people, decoration) or time indicators (e.g., clocks, sunlight). The virtual environment replicates the real physical environment. Participants were unaware that they will be asked to estimate their waiting time duration as well as describing their experience of the passage of time at a later stage. Our main finding shows that the presence of an avatar is leading to a significantly faster perceived passage of time. It seems to be promising to integrate avatar embodiment in future VR time-based therapy applications as they potentially could modulate a user’s perception of the passage of time. We also found no significant difference in time perception between the real and the VR conditions (avatar, no-avatar), but further research is needed to better understand this outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also used the Inventory on Subjective Time, Self and Space (STSS) (Pfeifer et al, 2016;Jokic et al, 2018). Jokic et al (2018) used a time arrow covering a range from 0 to 30 min to let participants estimate the waiting time.…”

Section: Inventory On Subjective Time Self Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

Unruh

Landeck

Oberdörfer

et al. 2021

Front. Virtual Real.

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show abstract

“…Time Awareness and Perceived Speed of Time: Furthermore, participants were asked to retrogradely rate how frequently they had thought about time (Time Awareness) and how fast time had passed (Perceived Speed of Time) during the exposure on visual analog scales whose anchor points were characterized by opposing statements (Time Awareness: not at all-extremely often; Perceived Speed of Time: extremely slowly-extremely fast). These items have been used in multiple previous studies to assess alterations in time perception [39,40].…”

Section: Phenomenology Of Consciousness Inventory (Pci)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation

2021

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Flicker light stimulation can induce short-term alterations in consciousness including hallucinatory color perception and geometric patterns. In the study at hand, the subjective experiences during 3 Hz and 10 Hz stroboscopic light stimulation of the closed eyes were assessed. In a within-subjects design (N = 24), we applied the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (mood state), time perception ratings, the Altered State of Consciousness Rating Scale, and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. Furthermore, we tested for effects of personality traits (NEO Five-Factor Inventory-2 and Tellegen Absorption Scale) on subjective experiences. Such systematic quantification improves replicability, facilitates comparisons between pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques to induce altered states of consciousness, and is the prerequisite to study their underlying neuronal mechanisms. The resulting data showed that flicker light stimulation-induced states were characterized by vivid visual hallucinations of simple types, with effects strongest in the 10 Hz condition. Additionally, participants’ personality trait of Absorption scores highly correlated with the experienced alterations in consciousness. Our data demonstrate that flicker light stimulation is capable of inducing visual effects with an intensity rated to be similar in strength to effects induced by psychedelic substances and thereby support the investigation of potentially shared underlying neuronal mechanisms.

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“…Time Awareness and Perceived Speed of Time: Furthermore, participants were asked to retrogradely rate how frequently they had thought about time (Time Awareness) and how fast time had passed (Perceived Speed of Time) during the exposure on visual analog scales whose anchor points were characterized by opposing statements (Time Awareness: not at allextremely often; Perceived Speed of Time: extremely slowlyextremely fast). These items have been used in multiple previous studies to assess alterations in time perception (Jokic, Zakay, & Wittmann, 2018;Pfeifer, Sarikaya, & Wittmann, 2016).…”

Section: Phenomenology Of Consciousness Inventory (Pci)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation

Bartossek¹,

Kemmerer²,

Schmidt³

2020

Preprint

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Flicker light stimulation (FLS) is a non-pharmacological method to induce short-term consciousness alterations, like hallucinatory perceptions of colors and geometric patterns. Recently, the phenomenologies of several techniques to induce altered states of consciousness (ASCs) were investigated in a structured manner. Such systematic quantification improves replicability, allows direct comparison between techniques and is the prerequisite to study their underlying neuronal mechanisms. In a within-subjects repeated measures design (N = 24), we assessed the subjective experiences during 3 Hz and 10 Hz FLS, by application of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (mood state), time perception ratings, the Altered State of Consciousness Rating Scale, and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. Furthermore, we tested for effects of personality traits (NEO Five-Factor Inventory-2 and Tellegen Absorption Scale) on subjective experiences. The data show that FLS-induced states were especially characterized by vivid visual imagery of simple and complex types, with stronger effects in the 10 Hz condition. In addition, we found high correlations between the intensity of the subjectively experienced alterations in consciousness state with participants’ personality trait of Absorption. Our data demonstrate that FLS can induce visual effects of comparable intensity as induced by psychedelic substances and thereby motivates investigation of potentially shared underlying neuronal mechanisms.

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Changes in States of Consciousness during a Period of Silence after a Session of Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT)

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation

Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation

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