Changing income inequality: A distributional paradigm for Canada

Beach, Charles M.

doi:10.1111/caje.12248

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 151 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…Canada's fortuity in terms of egalitarianism is uncertain. As noted, amongst OECD countries, Canada has seen the highest increase of income inequality in recent years [3,45,[48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering that Canada is one of the most urbanized countries of the world (with about four fifths of its population residing in urban areas [46,47]), urban issues are national issues. Research since the 1990s shows that income inequality has increased in Canada (on national, provincial and urban scales), to the extent that the country experienced the highest rise in inequality amongst OECD countries since the mid-1990s [3,45,[48][49][50][51][52]. Such trajectories in income composition and distribution are of concern, because governments will at some point have to seriously address this development in order to evade adverse ramifications such as economic and social instability [53].…”

Section: The Canadian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

Ilic¹,

Sawada²

2021

PLoS ONE

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Income polarization is a pressing issue which is increasingly discussed by academics and policymakers. The present research examines income polarization in Canada’s eight largest Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) using data at the census-tract (CT) level between 1971 and 2016. Generally, there are significant decreasing trends in the middle-income population with simultaneously increasing trends in low-income groups. The high-income groups have been relatively stable with fewer significant increasing population trends. Using conventional mapping and cartograms, patterns of the spatial evolution of income inequality are illustrated. Every CMA examined contains an increasing trend of spatial fragmentation at the patch level within each CMA’s landscape mosaic. The results of a spatial autocorrelation analysis at the sub-patch, CT level, exhibit significant spatial clustering of high-income CTs as one process that dominates the increasingly fragmented landscape mosaic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Canadian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

Ilic¹,

Sawada²

2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Right panel: the social-to-health spending ratio over the Gini coefficient, line of best fit is a simple regression line risk, the government could address that directly through taxes as a redistribution mechanism. Some research on the rise of income inequality in Canada suggests that in a knowledge-based economy wages will become more unequal through a myriad of pathways, including corporate lobbying (Beach 2016), implying tax-based interventions need to become more radical to reduce Gini coefficients, which could be politically infeasible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally accepted in this vast literature is that increases in income inequality are at least associated with poorer population health, such that income inequality is potentially a marker of mechanisms at play that imperil health (Coburn 2000(Coburn , 2004 if not the causal agent responsible for poor health by acting on psycho-social health pathways (Wilkinson 1999). In Canada, income inequality has been increasing nationally since at least the 1990s and that has come with an expansion of the share of people working in the lowest-earning jobs (Beach 2016). Social spending is designed to mitigate the bad outcomes associated with a poor distribution of the social determinants of health, so it stands to reason that social spending's return on investment in terms of health outcomes might be higher in the presence of relatively higher income inequality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

With great inequality comes great responsibility: the role of government spending on population health in the presence of changing income distributions

Tong

Dutton

2020

Can J Public Health

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Objectives To determine the association between provincial government health and social spending and population health outcomes in Canada, separately for men and women, and account for the potential role of income inequality in modifying the association. Methods We used data for nine Canadian provinces, 1981 to 2017. Health outcomes and demographic data are from Statistics Canada; provincial spending data are from provincial public accounts. We model the ratio of social-to-health spending ("the ratio") on potentially avoidable mortality (PAM), life expectancy (LE), potential years of life lost (PYLL), infant mortality, and low birth weight baby incidence. We interact the ratio with the Gini coefficient to allow for income inequality modification. Results When the Gini coefficient is equal to its average (0.294), the ratio is associated with desirable health outcomes for adult men and women. For example, among women, a 1% increase in the ratio is associated with a 0.04% decrease in PAM, a 0.05% decrease in PYLL, and a 0.002% increase in LE. When the Gini coefficient is 0.02 higher than average, the relationship between the ratio and outcomes is twice as strong as when the Gini is at its average, other than for PAM for women. Infant-related outcomes do not have a statistically significant association with the ratio. Conclusion Overall, outcomes for men and women have similar associations with the ratio. Inequality increases the return to social spending, implying that those who benefit the most from social spending reap higher benefits during periods of higher inequality.

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“…The absolute income hypothesis is the most common theory explored, which implies that an individual's health only depends on their income ( 9 ); however, the absolute income hypothesis ignores the fact that with economic development, the material goods needed to fully participate in society also become wealthier. As a result, those with a static income may fall behind in a changing society, potentially suffering health education or material inequality from being unable to keep up with average social change standards ( 10 ). Another theory is the relative income hypothesis, which outlines that individuals compare their income to that of others, considering relative income through social reputation, residential location, other mechanism effects, and health education ( 11 ).…”

Section: Literaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption-Related Health Education Inequality in COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

You

Zhang

2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic influences various aspects of society, especially for people with low socioeconomic status. Health education has been proven to be a critical strategy in preventing a pandemic. However, socioeconomic characteristics may limit health education among low socioeconomic status groups. This study explores consumption-related health education inequality and the factors that contribute to this, which are variable across China during COVID-19.MethodsThe 2020 China COVID-19 Survey is a cross-sectional study in China, based on an anonymous online survey from 7,715 samples in 85 cities. It employed machine-learning methods to assess household consumption and other contributing variates associated with health education during the pandemic. Concentration Index (CI) and Horizontal Index (HI) were used to measure consumption-related inequalities in health education, respectively. Moreover, Wagstaff decomposition analysis was employed to identify other contributing variables to health education inequality.ResultsThe result indicates that participants with more education, better income, and positive consumption preferences undertake higher health education during COVID-19. The CI and HI of consumption-health education inequality are 0.0321 (P < 0.001) and 0.0416 (p < 0.001), respectively, which indicates that health education is concentrated in wealthy groups. We adapted Lasso regression to solve issues and omit variables. In terms of other socioeconomic characteristics, Annual Income was also a major contributor to health education inequalities, accounting for 27.1% (P < 0.001). The empirical results also suggests that education, health status, identification residence, and medical health insurance contribute to health education inequality.ConclusionsThe difference in Household consumption, annual income, rural and urban disparity, and private healthcare insurance are critical drivers of health education inequality. The government should pay more attention to promoting health education, and healthcare subside policy among vulnerable people. Significantly to improve awareness of undertaking health education with lower education, rural residential, to enhance confidence in economic recovery and life after COVID-19.

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Changing income inequality: A distributional paradigm for Canada

Cited by 7 publications

References 151 publications

The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

With great inequality comes great responsibility: the role of government spending on population health in the presence of changing income distributions

Consumption-Related Health Education Inequality in COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

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