Characteristic Clinical Findings of Reversible Left Ventricular Dysfunction.

Transient apical ballooning syndrome — clinical characteristics, ballooning pattern, and long-term follow-up in a Swiss population

“…This somehow contradicts the preconceived idea of the classical syndrome, but closely corresponds to the findings of the most recent series (33-41%) ( Table 5) [2,3,7,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In spite of the fact that emotional stress seems to be the trigger in some patients, the syndrome is certainly by no means universally precipitated by it [25].…”

Transient left ventricular dysfunction (tako-tsubo phenomenon): Findings and potential pathophysiological mechanisms

“…As seen on echocardiography, the akinesia is more extensive than the area supplied by one coronary vessel. Occasionally, a left ventricular intraventricular gradient may be detected (19,24,25,37,40). Coronary spasm may be visible on angiography, or may be provoked by acetylcholine or ergonovine administration in up to 80% of patients (8,(19)(20)(21)(22)24,40).…”

“…Occasionally, a left ventricular intraventricular gradient may be detected (19,24,25,37,40). Coronary spasm may be visible on angiography, or may be provoked by acetylcholine or ergonovine administration in up to 80% of patients (8,(19)(20)(21)(22)24,40). Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), performed on five consecutive TTP patients, showed a single, ruptured, atherosclerotic plaque in each patient in the middle portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (57).…”

“…One argument against this is that an intraventricular gradient is not documented in all TTP patients. On the other hand, the time interval between the onset of TTP and the investigation for an intraventricular gradient varies considerably in reported cases (12,19,24,25,37,40,41). The role of hyperkinesis and development of an intraventricular gradient as a mechanism for TTP will only be clarified by studies that investigate those patients in the acute phase of TTP.…”

Das Takotsubo-Syndrom von der Erstbeschreibung bis heute

“…angiographische Dokumentation eines intraventrikulären Gradienten bei den meisten Patienten mit TTS. Allerdings variiert das Zeitintervall zwischen Symptombeginn und Bildgebung zur Suche nach einem intraventrikulären Gradienten in den berichteten Fällen deutlich [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”