Characteristics and Challenges of Open-Water Swimming Performance: A Review

Baldassarre, R.; Bonifazi, Marco; Zamparo, Paola; Piacentini, Maria Francesca

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0230

Cited by 54 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…has grown since the 10-km event entered the Olympic program in 2008 [11]. Few studies have focused on the training characteristics of elite open-water swimmers [12][13][14]. Reports on elite open-water swimmers indicated a high training volume (74-86 km, > 24 h per week) with 10 sessions per week and an intensity distribution of 74-89 % in zone 1, 10-28 % in zone 2, and 1-8 % in zone 3 [12][13][14].…”

Section: Km Time Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies have focused on the training characteristics of elite open-water swimmers [12][13][14]. Reports on elite open-water swimmers indicated a high training volume (74-86 km, > 24 h per week) with 10 sessions per week and an intensity distribution of 74-89 % in zone 1, 10-28 % in zone 2, and 1-8 % in zone 3 [12][13][14]. These data confirm an extreme training load in terms of volume, intensity, and frequency that is notably characterized by a pyramidal intensity distribution [15].…”

Section: Km Time Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Training Organization, Physiological Profile and Heart Rate Variability Changes in an Open-water World Champion

et al. 2019

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This case study reports the training of an elite 25-km open-water swimmer and the daily heart rate variability (HRV) changes during the 19-week period leading to his world champion title. Training load was collected every day and resting HRV was recorded every morning. The swimmer’s characteristics were V̇O2max: 58.5 ml·min−1·kg−1, maximal heart rate: 178 beats per minute, and maximal ventilation: 170 L·min−1. Weekly training volume was 85±21 km, 39±8% was at [La]b<2 mmol · L−1 (Z1), 53±8% was at [La]b 2–4 mmol·L−1 (Z2), and 8±4% was at [La]b>4 mmol·L−1 (Z3). In the supine position, the increase in training volume and Z2 training were related to increases in rMSSD and HF. In the standing position, an increase in parasympathetic activity and decrease in sympathetic activity were observed when Z1 training increased. Seasonal changes indicated higher values in the LF/HF ratio during taper, whereas higher values in parasympathetic indices were observed in heavy workload periods. This study reports extreme load of an elite ultra-endurance swimmer. Improvements in parasympathetic indices with increasing Z2 volume indicate that this training zone was useful to improve cardiac autonomic activity, whereas Z1 training reduced sympathetic activity.

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Section: Km Time Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Km Time Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Organization, Physiological Profile and Heart Rate Variability Changes in an Open-water World Champion

et al. 2019

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“…Although the differences between men and women᾿s performances have been stable for a long time, performance density differs between the two sexes. In particular, the performance density (from 1 st to 10 th place) at the Olympic Games in Rio (2016) was found to be 0.07% for men, but even 0.81% for women (Baldassarre, Bonifazi, Zamparo, & Piacentini, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that pacing strategy is highly relevant to performance in most elite sports, especially those that involve competing over long distances and/or prolonged times such as cross country running (Deaner & Lowen, 2016), marathon running (Hanley, 2016), cycling (Davies, et al, 2016), and long distance swimming (Baldassarre, et al, 2017). The swimming marathon is the event at the Olympics that most closely resembles 10 km open water swimming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of pacing strategies in 10 km open water swimming in international events

Saavedra

Einarsson

Sekulić

et al. 2018

Kinesiology (Zagreb, Online)

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Abstract:The purpose of this study was to ascertain the pacing strategies employed in 10 km open water swimming events, and to define which split time was most determinant for the final performance as a function of sex and classification in International Championships of the highest level. Six international competitions over the last five years were analysed retrospectively: Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships. The data corresponded to a total of 437 swimmers̕ competition histories (257 men, 180 women). A two-way analysis of variance (sex [2 levels: men, women], classification [3 levels: 1 st to 3 rd , 4 th to 8 th , 9 th and below]) was performed for each split (0-2.5 km, 2.6-5.0 km, 5.1-7.5 km, and 7.6 to 10 km) and half (0-5 km, 5.1-10 km). The Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare means, and Pearson᾿s simple correlation coefficient to determine correlations between the split times and the final performance (total time). In general, the medal winners and the seconde tier classified swimmers, both men and women, employed a negative pacing strategy (the first half of the race was swum slower than the second). Women, however, in proportional terms swam a faster first partial (0 to 2.5 km) than men. These results could help coaches convince their swimmers that the first split of the event should be swum as slowly as possible, while still ensuring that they are in the leading group.

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“…open-water swimming) is closely related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and the ability to exercise at a high percentage of VO 2 max [1], which in turn is the outcome of a fine cooperation among respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular system. The optimal performance of the muscular system is of paramount importance and, thus, is regularly evaluated during exercise testing sessions.…”

Section: Clinical Focus: Pulmonary and Respiratory Conditions In The mentioning

confidence: 99%

The need for systematic diagnosis of exercise-induced respiratory syndromes: the example of swimming-induced pulmonary edema

Nikolaidis

Knechtle

2017

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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Characteristics and Challenges of Open-Water Swimming Performance: A Review

Abstract: Open-water races may be characterized by extreme environmental conditions (water temperature, tides, currents, and waves) that have an overall impact on performance, influencing tactics and pacing. Future studies are needed to study OWS in both training and competition.

Cited by 54 publications

References 63 publications

Training Organization, Physiological Profile and Heart Rate Variability Changes in an Open-water World Champion

Training Organization, Physiological Profile and Heart Rate Variability Changes in an Open-water World Champion

Analysis of pacing strategies in 10 km open water swimming in international events

The need for systematic diagnosis of exercise-induced respiratory syndromes: the example of swimming-induced pulmonary edema

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