Characteristics of Smell Identification Test in Patients With Parkinson Disease

Fujio, Hisami; Inokuchi, Go; Tatehara, Shun; Kuroki, Shunsuke; Fukuda, Yujiro; Kowa, Hisamoto; Nibu, Ken ichi

doi:10.21053/ceo.2018.01116

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A study by Hähner et al [ 33 ] investigated PD patients in comparison to patients with smell loss from other causes, by using the 16-item “Sniffin’ Sticks” test; they found no differences in odor identification thresholds and patterns between the two populations. On the contrary, in a Japanese cohort of PD and post-viral hyposmic patients evaluated with the Open Essence test, two odors (namely, menthol and Indian Ink) were found to accurately differentiate the two cohorts of hyposmic patients [ 34 ]. These heterogenous findings remark on the need of obtaining culturally adapted versions of specific smell evaluation tests, the performances of which should be evaluated according to the specific research purpose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening performances of an 8-item UPSIT Italian version in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

et al. 2022

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Hyposmia is a common finding in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is usually tested through the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The aim of our study is to provide a briefer version of the Italian-adapted UPSIT test, able to discriminate between PD patients and healthy subjects (HS). By means of several univariate and multivariate (machine-learning-based) statistical approaches, we selected 8 items by which we trained a partial-least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a decision tree (DT) model: class predictions of both models performed better with the 8-item version when compared to the 40-item version. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve built with the selected 8 odors showed the best performance (sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 82%) in predicting the PD condition at a cut-off point of ≤ 6. These performances were higher than those previously calculated for the 40-item UPSIT test (sensitivity 82% and specificity 88.2 % with a cut-off point of ≤ 21). Qualitatively, our selection contains one odor (i.e., apple) which is Italian-specific, supporting the need for cultural adaptation of smell testing; on the other hand, some of the selected best discriminating odors are in common with existing brief smell test versions validated on PD patients of other cultures, supporting the view that disease-specific odor patterns may exist and deserve a further evaluation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening performances of an 8-item UPSIT Italian version in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

et al. 2022

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“…An OE test containing odorants familiar to Japanese people was developed (Nishida et al, 2010; Shiga et al, 2014). The OE test has also been administered to patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson’s disease and psychiatric disorders (Fujio et al, 2019; Ryo et al, 2017; Sanke et al, 2021; Watanabe et al, 2017). The OE test uses 12 odorants: (1) condensed milk, (2) cooking gas, (3) curry, (4) cypress wood (Japanese cypress, hinoki), (5) India ink, (6) Japanese orange (mikan), (7) menthol, (8) perfume, (9) roasted garlic, (10) rose, (11) sweaty clothes and (12) wood.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory identification ability among schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy subjects

Fukuda

Ohi

Fujikane

et al. 2023

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

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Objective: Olfactory impairments, including identification, have been reported in patients with schizophrenia, while few studies have examined the olfactory function of unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, and the sample sizes of first-degree relatives were relatively small. Here, we investigated olfactory identification ability among patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives and healthy controls (HCs) using relatively large sample sizes at a single institute. Methods: To assess olfactory identification ability, the open essence odorant identification test was administered to 172 schizophrenia patients, 75 first-degree relatives and 158 healthy controls. Differences in olfactory identification and correlations between olfactory ability and clinical variables were examined among these participants. Results: We found a significant difference in olfactory identification ability among the diagnostic groups ( p = 7.65 × 10−16). Schizophrenia patients displayed lower olfactory identification ability than first-degree relatives (Cohen’s d = −0.57, p = 3.13 × 10−6) and healthy controls ( d = −1.00, p = 2.19 × 10−16). Furthermore, first-degree relatives had lower olfactory identification ability than healthy controls ( d = −0.29, p = 0.039). Olfactory identification ability moderately and negatively correlated with the duration of illness ( r = −0.41, p = 1.88 × 10−8) and negative symptoms ( r = −0.28, p = 1.99 × 10−4) in schizophrenia patients, although the correlation with the duration of illness was affected by aging ( r = −0.24). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that schizophrenia patients have impaired olfactory identification ability compared with first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and the impaired olfactory identification ability of first-degree relatives was intermediate between those in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Olfactory identification ability was relatively independent of clinical variables. Therefore, olfactory identification ability might be an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia.

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“…In the case of Open Essence (OE) test used in Japan, the distinction of Indian ink was effective for screening PD patients. Fujio et al [6] suggested the discrepancy between visual analog scale and OE scores, wrong answer in Indian ink and high-selected rates of wrong alternatives other than “undetectable” in OE might be useful for differential diagnosis of PD among the elderly with olfactory disturbance [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Can Olfactory Tests Help to Diagnose Parkinson Disease?

Kim

2019

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol

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Characteristics of Smell Identification Test in Patients With Parkinson Disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Screening performances of an 8-item UPSIT Italian version in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

Screening performances of an 8-item UPSIT Italian version in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

Olfactory identification ability among schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy subjects

Can Olfactory Tests Help to Diagnose Parkinson Disease?

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