Characteristics of tissue–resident ILCs and their potential as therapeutic targets in mucosal and skin inflammatory diseases

Abstract

Discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are non-T and non-B lymphocytes that have no antigen-specific receptors, 1 changed the classical concept of the mechanism of allergy, which had been explained mainly as antigen-specific acquired immunity based on IgE and Th2 cells. The discovery enabled us to logically explain the findings of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and led to dramatic improvement in our understanding of the mechanism of non-IgEmediated allergic inflammation. As a result, we are now able to better

Advances and highlights in asthma in 2021

“…10 ILC2s are deemed as steroid resistant, however, other asthma treatments might decrease their pro-inflammatory capacity. 11 An in vivo model showed that tiotropium attenuated ILC2dependent airway inflammation by suppressing IL-4 production from basophils. 12 Signalling through oestrogen receptor α on BEC also increases IL-33 release.…”

“…ILC2 are more sensitive to outdoor pollution‐driven proliferation than other ILC types 10 . ILC2s are deemed as steroid resistant, however, other asthma treatments might decrease their pro‐inflammatory capacity 11 . An in vivo model showed that tiotropium attenuated ILC2‐dependent airway inflammation by suppressing IL‐4 production from basophils 12 .…”

Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Review about Innate Immune Response and Current Therapeutic Applications

“…There are three groups of ILCs classified according to the transcription factor pathways involved in their differentiation from a common precursor, as well as according to their signature cytokine production and their specific function: (1) the first group of ILCs corresponds to NK cells, also called ILC1s, which express the transcription factor T-bet, with a Th1 cytokine signature; (2) group 2 of ILCs referred to as ILC2s expresses GATA-3 signaling pathway and produces Th2 cytokines; (3) group 3, ILC3, expresses (ROR) γ t and is characterized by a Th17 cytokine signature [ 160 , 161 ]. The most prevalent ILC population within human skin is the ILC2 population, enriched under inflammatory conditions [ 162 ]. ILC2s can be mainly activated by predominant epithelial cell-derived alarmins, such as TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33.…”

Allergic Rhinitis: What Do We Know About Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy?

“…Innate lymphoid cells were recently identified as innate-type immune cells with no antigen receptors, meaning that they are not directly activated by antigens ( 36 ). ILCs were activated by various cytokines, neuropeptides, and lipid mediators produced by surrounding cells ( 37 ). ILCs were initially divided into three different subsets that resemble Th cell subsets based on the transcription factors and cytokines they produced.…”