Characteristics That Predict Risk of Breast Cancer Before and After the Menopause

Paffenbarger, Ralph S.; Kampert, James B.; Chang, Hwa-Gan

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112992

Cited by 245 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Perhaps small numbers prevented us from observing the progressive increase in risk found in many studies (4, 7-9, 20, 21). In parous women, the number of liveborn children had no significant influence on breast cancer risk and this, again, agrees with several studies (5,8,21). Others have shown, however, a clear linear trend with decreasing risk as the number of live born children increased (6,7,9,11).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Epidemiologic studies of breast cancer risk have identified numerous host and environmental determinants (1-13) that presumably play an etiologic role in the development of the disease. While the majority of these studies have used case-control designs (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8)(9)(10)(11), a few cohort studies have been reported, though none have involved an essentially representative sample of women from the United States (7,12,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

Cl¹,

Jones²,

Schatzkin³

et al. 1989

Maturitas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

Cl¹,

Jones²,

Schatzkin³

et al. 1989

Maturitas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Several studies have confirmed this, but some found an additional protective effect of high parity (Soini, 1977;Tulinius et al, 1978;Paffenbarger et al, 1980;Brinton et al, 1983;Helmrich et al, 1983; Pathak et al., 1986). Others have failed to demonstrate an association between breast cancer risk and age at first birth (Choi et al, 1978; Thein-Hlaing & Thein-Maung-Myint, 1978;Adami et al, 1980;Pike et al, 1981;Harris et al, 1982;Kvale et al, 1987b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Otherwise, practically all studies published since 1970 have identified late age at first childbirth as a risk factor for breast cancer. Varying materials and methods have been employed, such as hospital-based case-control studies eg, MacMahon et al (1970), Paffenbarger et al (1980, population-based case-control studies, e.g., Hunt et al (1980), Paul et al (1986, cohort studies, e.g., Tulinius et al (1978), Trapido (1983), and case-control studies nested in cohorts, e.g., Bain et al (1981), Brinton et al (1983. Bias arising from the design of the studies is therefore an unlikely explanation for the association between breast cancer and age at first birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors in Denmark

Ewertz

Duffy²

1988

Br J Cancer

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe effect of reproductive factors on breast cancer risk was evaluated in a population-based casecontrol study, including 1,486 breast cancer cases diagnosed over a one-year period in Denmark. They were identified from the files of the nationwide trial of the Danish Breast Cancer Co-operative group and the Danish Cancer Registry. The control group was an age-stratified random sample of 1,336 women from the general population. Data on risk factors were collected by self-administered (mailed) questionnaires. Significantly increased relative risks (RR) were associated with never being pregnant (RR= 1.47), an early terminated first pregnancy (RR=1.43), and having a natural menopause after the age of 54 (RR= 1.67). Trends of decreasing risk were observed by increasing parity and age at menarche. These findings were independent of age at first full-term pregnancy which overall was not related to breast cancer risk, though a weak association appeared in women less than 50 years at diagnosis. The study confirmed that pregnancies must continue to term to offer protection against breast cancer.In 1970, MacMahon et al. showed in their International Collaborative Study that the protective effect of parity on breast cancer risk could be explained by maternal age at first full-term pregnancy from an association between high parity and early age at first birth. Several studies have confirmed this, but some found an additional protective effect of high parity (Soini, 1977;Tulinius et al., 1978;Paffenbarger et al., 1980;Brinton et al., 1983;Helmrich et al., 1983; Pathak et al., 1986). Others have failed to demonstrate an association between breast cancer risk and age at first birth (Choi et al., 1978; Thein-Hlaing & Thein-Maung-Myint, 1978;Adami et al., 1980;Pike et al., 1981;Harris et al., 1982;Kvale et al., 1987b).Conflicting evidence also exists in the literature regarding the role of early terminated pregnancies. Two reports (Pike et al., 1981;Hadjimichael et al., 1986) suggested that a first trimester abortion (induced or spontaneous) before the fullterm pregnancy might elevate the risk of breast cancer, while such an effect was not seen in two other studies (Vessey et al., 1982;Brinton et al., 1983).We were able to evaluate the effect of reproductive factors on breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study including almost all incident cases over a one-year period in Denmark. Materials and methodsThe study was sampling frame exists in the national Central Population Registry, established in 1968, with the purpose of storing commonly used personal data for each inhabitant and acting as source material for the administrative system in Denmark. The key identifier is a unique 10-digit ID-number, the first 6 digits being the date of birth, which has been issued to all persons living in and entering the country (by birth or immigration) since 1968. The registry is computerised and updated on a regular basis. Through a linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry database, women with a breast cancer predating t...

show abstract

“…None of the published studies reported that both women who were heavier and those who were lighter than average in early adulthood were at reduced risk. Some reported an inverse relation between risk and early adult BMI (Paffenbarger et al, 1980;Willett et al, 1985;London et al, 1989;Brinton and Swanson, 1992;Ursin et al, 1994;Huang et al, 1997;Trentham-Dietz et al, 1997), and others reported no relation (Choi 1978;Pryor et al, 1989;Lund et al, 1990;Chu et al, 1991;Radimer et al, 1993;Ursin et al, 1994;Ziegler et al, 1996). Similarly, while some reported that weight gain resulted in reduced risk (Lubin et al, 1985;Le Marchand et al, 1988;London et al, 1989;Brinton and Swanson, 1992;Taioli et al, 1995;Franceschi et al, 1996), others did not (Paffenbarger et al, 1980;Lund et al, 1990;Chu et al, 1991;Radimer et al, 1993;Mannisto et al, 1996;Ziegler et al, 1996;Huang et al, 1997;Trentham-Dietz et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of breast cancer in young women in relation to body size and weight gain in adolescence and early adulthood

et al. 1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Adiposity or gaining weight increases risk of breast cancer in older, postmenopausal women but may reduce risk in premenopausal or young women (Ballard-Barbash, 1994). A recent meta-analysis of 23 studies of current body mass index (BMI) and risk of premenopausal breast cancer concluded that, although there was substantial heterogeneity in the results of these studies, BMI was inversely related to risk (Ursin et al, 1995). Research on breast cancer in young women is inconsistent in demonstrating whether risk is reduced with greater adiposity in early adulthood (ages 18Ð25) (London et al, 1989;Lund et al, 1990) or with subsequent weight gain (Taioli et al, 1995;Mannisto et al, 1996). There has been little research on effects of adolescent body size (Brinton and Swanson, 1992;Ursin et al, 1994).In a case control study of breast cancer in women under the age of 45, we found that thin women had a greater risk of breast cancer than did heavy women . The inverse relation was confined to early-stage breast cancer, but it did not vary by method of breast cancer detection, indicating that it was not explained by earlier detection among thinner women. The purpose of this current study was to examine risk of breast cancer in these young women in relation to adiposity in early adulthood and to subsequent weight gain. In addition, we examined risk in relation to perceived relative height and weight during adolescence and to changes in these perceived relative heights and weights. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis case control study was conducted in three geographically defined locations in the USA, the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Georgia and Seattle, Washington, and five counties in central New Jersey (Brinton et al, 1995). The protocol was approved by human subjects review boards at each collaborating institution. All women aged 20Ð44 years newly diagnosed with a first primary in situ or invasive breast cancer in these areas during 1 May 1990 to 31 December 1992, were rapidly identified through frequent review of hospital records. Of 1940 eligible cases identified, we obtained interviews from 1668 (86.0%). Reasons for noninterview included subject refusal (6.7%), physician refusal (5.8%), death or illness (0.8%) or other reasons (0.7%). Eighty per cent of the cases were interviewed within 6 months of diagnosis.Control subjects were ascertained through 13 waves of random digit telephone dialing. Sampling probabilities were varied depending upon the age distribution of women in the areas and the projected distributions of cases. A short telephone screener to identify potentially eligible controls was completed at 90.5% of 16 254 telephone numbers assessed as residential, and a random sample stratified by 5-year age groups was obtained. Of 1989 controls selected, 82 were subsequently found ineligible, and interviews were completed on 1500 (78.7%). The overall response rate (screening times interview) was 71.2%. Summary Findings have been inconsistent on effects of adolescent body size and adult weight gain on risk of breast cancer ...

show abstract

Characteristics That Predict Risk of Breast Cancer Before and After the Menopause

Cited by 245 publications

References 0 publications

A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

Risk of breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors in Denmark

Risk of breast cancer in young women in relation to body size and weight gain in adolescence and early adulthood

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About