Characterization of Demand Response in the Commercial, Industrial, and Residential Sectors in the United States

Abstract

Sheddability: The technical potential for load reduction. Controllability: The fraction of load enabled to provide DR. Acceptability: The fraction of load likely to respond when called on provide DR at a given time. Filter Generation Methods Demand Response Filter Definitions 88 Sheddability: The technical potential for load reduction. Controllability: The fraction of load enabled to provide DR. Acceptability: The fraction of load likely to respond when called on provide DR.

Leveraging thewater‐energynexus to derive benefits for the electric grid throughdemand‐sidemanagement in the water supply and wastewater sectors

“…As a result, many facilities might be able to treat at higher capacities and store their treated water in storage tanks to postpone treating large quantities of water during peak electric load hours or during DR events. Interrupting or reducing operational load: Switching electricity‐consuming devices and processes on and off or from full load to partial load is another strategy to curtail loads for providing DR services. A device might be turned off for a few minutes up to a few hours in a wastewater treatment plant, depending on its operational constraints (M. Schäfer et al, 2017) and for longer hours in a pumping system (Kiliccote et al, 2016), depending on its system characteristics and water delivery constraints. Operational interruptions are typically done automatically via control systems that enable facilities to monitor and manage operations, which can also be used for load management.…”

“…Some energy‐saving opportunities can reduce the magnitude of curtailable load because they generally reduce the baseline electricity demand (Kiliccote et al, 2016). However, energy efficiency advancements may have a positive impact (for example, installing controllable VSD pumps by continuously adjusting the speed of the motor to water flow rates (R. Menke, Abraham, Parpas, & Stoianov, 2017) or a negative impact (for example, replacing oversized pumps with smaller ones (Guerrini et al, 2017) on operational flexibility of the system, depending on the measure.…”

“…Economic uncertainties of DR program participation: The operation and maintenance costs associated with the flexible operation of system processes and frequent interruptions of process equipment are not well known (Aghajanzadeh & Therkelsen, 2019; Barán, Von Lücken, & Sotelo, 2005; Els, Pelzer, & Schutte, 2015). Given that the costs of enabling DR programs in the water sector can be high (Kiliccote et al, 2016; Shoreh et al, 2016), there is still a lot of uncertainty in regards to the economic returns of DR program participation (M. Schäfer, 2020). Poor decision‐making criteria in the water sector: Currently, there is not a lot of guidance for water utilities in terms of how to evaluate the trade‐offs of DR participation in the context of other water sector planning priorities.…”

“…In the literature, insights regarding the costs and benefits of DR in the water sector are difficult to parse out as they are often combined with other commercial and industrial sectors (Gils, 2016; Jang et al, 2015; Paterakis et al, 2017). The costs of DR implementation by specific strategies are yet to be evaluated (Kiliccote et al, 2016). Furthermore, given the fact that DR programs are generally nonuniform across different electricity‐balancing authority areas, cost and benefit analyses should be assessed case‐by‐case and need to be revisited as electric utility programs evolve.…”

“…Among industrial end‐users, water and wastewater systems are well‐positioned to provide load flexibility to the electric power grid, which must balance power supply and demand at any given time of the day (Aghajanzadeh, McKane, & Wray, 2015; Alstone et al, 2017; EPRI, 2013; Gils, 2016; Kiliccote, Olsen, Sohn, & Piette, 2016; Kirchem, Lynch, Bertsch, & Casey, 2020; Oikonomou, Parvania, & Khatami, 2018; M. Schäfer, 2020). In order to maintain this balance, a set of primarily supply‐side electricity generation resources ramp up and down in response to load fluctuations, variable‐energy generation, and grid instabilities (Alizadeh, Parsa Moghaddam, Amjady, Siano, & Sheikh‐El‐Eslami, 2016; Jordehi, 2019; Kondziella & Bruckner, 2016).…”