Characterization of In-Body to On-Body Wireless Radio Frequency Link for Upper Limb Prostheses

Stango, Antonietta; Yazdandoost, Kamya Yekeh; Negro, Francesco; Farina, Dario

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164987

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…(1) In the absence of human body (off‐body bending), and (2) in the presence of human body (on‐body bending). In both cases, the antennas are bent around a radius of 45 mm (which is equivalent to the radius of a healthy human arm). Off‐body analysis …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the above parametric analysis, the four antennas are analyzed under two distinct bent conditions: (1) In the absence of human body (off-body bending), and (2) in the presence of human body (on-body bending). In both cases, the antennas are bent around a radius of 45 mm (which is equivalent to the radius of a healthy human arm 27,28 ). Figure 13.…”

Section: Bent Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Design and comparative analysis of conventional and metamaterial‐based textile antennas for wearable applications

Ali¹,

Ullah²,

Shafi

et al. 2019

Int J Numerical Modelling

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In this paper, four different models of a 2.4 GHz flexible microstrip patch wearable antenna are designed and analyzed. The basic geometry of the radiating element of the antennas is a rectangular patch and is backed by conventional, mushroom‐type, slotted, and spiral electromagnetic band gap (EBG) ground planes. A 3‐mm‐thick wash cotton textile is used as a substrate material in the design of the antennas as well as EBG surfaces. An electro‐textile (Zelt) is used as a conductive material for the proposed antennas. The performance of these antennas is analyzed in terms of return loss, gain, bandwidth efficiency, and specific absorption rate (SAR) using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The designed antennas are further investigated for on and off body conditions under normal and bent states. The experimental results show that the antennas radiate with an adequate gain (5.72‐7.3 dB), bandwidth (65.43‐103.1 MHz), and efficiency (55.51%‐74.04%), depending on the type of the ground plane used. The antenna backed by the mushroom‐type EBG gives the smallest value of SAR (1.79 W/kg < 2 W/kg), which makes it a suitable candidate for body worn applications in the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bent Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and comparative analysis of conventional and metamaterial‐based textile antennas for wearable applications

Ali¹,

Ullah²,

Shafi

et al. 2019

Int J Numerical Modelling

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similarly, Antonietta et. al in [31] characterizes in-body to off-body link in medical implant communication systems (MICS) band for upper limb prostheses using electromagnetic simulations. Concepcion, et al in [32] discuss different approaches for propagation analysis in an ultrawide (UWB) frequency band.…”

Section: B Motivation and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Secrecy Capacity for Next-Generation Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

Awan

Bose²,

Khaleghi³

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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Secure communication can be considered as an integral part of the next generation implantable medical devices. With the advent of physical layer security (PLS) methods, confidential messages can be transmitted without the use of encryption keys. For analyzing the effectiveness of PLS for next-generation leadless cardiac pacemakers, we provide secrecy analysis using a performance metric of secrecy capacity. Secrecy capacity defines the secure transmission rate between legitimate nodes without leakage of information to an eavesdropper and depends on respective channel attenuations. The legitimate and eavesdropper channel attenuations are evaluated by 3D numerical electromagnetic simulations using a detailed human model. We do not assume eavesdropper to be located in specific directions or positions and considers it to be located anywhere around the body. We evaluate the secrecy capacity by defining a spherical grid for eavesdropper positions around the body with a radius of 1 m. The secrecy capacity of the entire space is evaluated by extrapolating the grid to different radial distances using free space path loss model. Moreover, by fixing application based secure communication rate, the entire space is divided into secure and insecure volumes. The insecure volume consists of all the eavesdropper positions from which the pacemaker can be eavesdropped. We also evaluated the angle from which the maximum leakage of information takes place and referred it as "Eve's sweet spot angle". Data for channel attenuations from phantom and in-vivo experiments is also utilized to validate and observe the differences between simulations and experiments. This work will help in design of the communication module of implanted leadless cardiac pacemakers with enhanced security on the physical layer.

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“…Such devices collect and monitor key physiological data from the patient and send them to a remote node located either inside the human body, over or away from the surface of the body [2]. Intraocular pressure sensors for glaucoma monitoring [3], cardiac implants such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) [4], Electromyogram (EMG) sensors for controlling active prostheses [5], wireless capsule endoscope for video recording of the bowel [6], or brain machine interface (BMI) sensors for monitoring the neural activity of the brain [7] are only some examples of different applications and uses of wireless implanted sensors for medical purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrawideband Technology for Medical In-Body Sensor Networks: An Overview of the Human Body as a Propagation Medium, Phantoms, and Approaches for Propagation Analysis

Garcia-Pardo

Andreu

Fornés-Leal

et al. 2018

IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag.

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In-body sensor networks are those networks where at least one of the sensors is located inside the human body. Such wireless in-body sensors are mainly used for medical applications, collecting and monitoring important parameters for health and diseases treatment. The IEEE Standard 802.15.6-2012 for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) considers in-body communications in the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) band. Nevertheless, high data rate communications are not feasible at the MICS band due to its narrow occupied bandwidth. In this framework, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems have emerged as a potential solution for in-body high data rate communications, due to its miniaturization capabilities or low power consumption. In the last years, some open issues have determined the research about in-body propagation. Firstly, the propagation medium, i.e., the human body tissues, is frequencydependent and exhibits a large attenuation at UWB frequencies. Secondly, the behavior of the in-body antennas is highly dominated by the surrounding tissues. Thus, the in-body channel characterization in UWB depends not only on the channel behavior itself, but also on the methodology of characterization. This paper intends to outline the research performed in the field of UWB in-body radio channel characterization considering the propagation medium, as well as the methodology of analysissoftware simulations, phantom measurements, in vivo measurements-. Thus, authors provide an overall perspective of the current state of the art, limitations for the analysis of in-body propagation, and future perspectives for UWB in-body channel analysis.

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Characterization of In-Body to On-Body Wireless Radio Frequency Link for Upper Limb Prostheses

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Design and comparative analysis of conventional and metamaterial‐based textile antennas for wearable applications

Design and comparative analysis of conventional and metamaterial‐based textile antennas for wearable applications

Evaluation of Secrecy Capacity for Next-Generation Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

Ultrawideband Technology for Medical In-Body Sensor Networks: An Overview of the Human Body as a Propagation Medium, Phantoms, and Approaches for Propagation Analysis

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