Characterization of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness in Persons with Lower Extremity Amputations

Springer, Barbara A.; Gill, Norman W.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2007.2532

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…45 A further limitation is the fact that the LPP cohort was slightly older than the control cohort. Although the impact of aging on PMCT thickness is unknown, abdominal muscle thickness has been shown to be independent of age or gender.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Sonographic Features of the Abdominal Wall Muscles and Connective Tissues in Individuals With and Without Lumbopelvic Pain

Whittaker¹,

Warner²,

Stokes³

2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

138

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Study Design Cross-sectional, case-control study. Objectives To measure and compare the resting thickness of the 4 abdominal wall muscles, their associated perimuscular connective tissue (PMCT), and interrecti distance (IRD) in persons with and without lumbopelvic pain (LPP), using ultrasound imaging. Background The muscles and PMCT of the abdominal wall assist in controlling the spine. Functional deficits of the abdominal wall muscles have been detected in populations with LPP. Investigations of the abdominal wall in those with LPP are primarily concerned with muscle, most commonly the transversus abdominis (TrA) and internal oblique (IO). Because the abdominal wall functions as a unit, all 4 abdominal muscles and their associated connective tissues should be considered concurrently. Methods B-mode ultrasound imaging was used to measure the resting thickness of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique, IO, and TrA muscles; the PMCT planes; and IRD in 50 male and female subjects, 25 with and 25 without LPP (mean ± SD age, 36.3 ± 9.4 and 46.6 ± 8.0 years, respectively). Univariate correlation analysis was used to identify covariates. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and the Kruskal-Wallis test (IRD) were used to compare cohorts (α = .05). Results The LPP cohort had less total abdominal muscle thickness (LPP mean ± SD, 18.9 ± 3.0 mm; control, 20.3 ± 3.0 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P = .03), thicker PMCT (LPP, 5.5 ± 0.2 mm; control, 4.3 ± 0.2 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P = .007), and wider IRD (LPP, 11.5 ± 2.0 mm; control, 8.4 ± 1.8 mm; Kruskal-Wallis, P = .005). Analysis of individual muscle thickness revealed no difference in the external oblique, IO, and TrA, but a thinner RA in the LPP cohort (LPP mean ± SD, 7.8 ± 1.5 mm; control, 9.1 ± 1.2 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P<.001). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the morphological characteristics of all 4 abdominal muscles and PMCT in individuals with LPP. The results suggest that there may be altered loading of the PMCT and linea alba secondary to an altered motor control strategy involving a reduced contribution of the RA. Further, the change in RA and connective tissue morphology may be more evident than changes in external oblique, IO, and TrA thickness in persons with LPP. The causes and functional implications of these changes warrant further investigation, as does the role of the RA muscle in the development and persistence of LPP. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(1):11–19. Epub 16 November 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4450

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Sonographic Features of the Abdominal Wall Muscles and Connective Tissues in Individuals With and Without Lumbopelvic Pain

Whittaker¹,

Warner²,

Stokes³

2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

138

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“…On the other hand, ultrasonography has been effectively employed to evaluate the morphological changes in muscle thickness or displacement [36][37][38][39][40], muscle fiber [41][42][43], pennation angle [44,45], and cross-sectional area [46,47]. It has also been suggested that ultrasound parameters may characterize muscular pain, injury and dysfunction [48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous monitoring of electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), sonomyography (SMG) and torque output during ramp and step isometric contractions

Guo

Zheng

Xie

et al. 2010

Medical Engineering & Physics

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In this study we simultaneously collected ultrasound images, EMG, MMG from the rectus femoris (RF) muscle and torque signal from the leg extensor muscle group of nine male subjects (mean±SD, age=30.7±.4.9 years; body weight=67.0±8.4kg; height=170.4±6.9cm) during step, ramp increasing, and decreasing at three different rates (50%, 25% and 17% MVC/s). The muscle architectural parameters extracted from ultrasound imaging, which reflect muscle contractions, were defined as sonomyography (SMG) in this study. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and aspect ratio between muscle width and thickness (width/thickness) were extracted from ultrasound images. The results showed that the CSA of RF muscles decreased by 7.25±4.07% when muscle torque output changed from 0% to 90% MVC, and the aspect ratio decreased by 41.66±7.96%. The muscle contraction level and SMG data were strongly correlated (R(2)=0.961, P=0.003, for CSA and R(2)=0.999, P<0.001, for width/thickness ratio). The data indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in percentage changes for CSA and aspect ratio among step, ramp increasing, and decreasing contractions. The normalized EMG RMS in ramp increasing was 8.25±4.00% higher than step (P=0.002). The normalized MMG RMS of step contraction was significantly lower than ramp increasing and decreasing, with averaged differences of 12.22±3.37% (P=0.001) and 12.06±3.37% (P=0.001), respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that the CSA and aspect ratio, i.e., SMG signals, can provide useful information about muscle contractions. They may therefore complement EMG and MMG for studying muscle activation strategies under different conditions.

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“…Although, for reasons explained above, it would be inappropriate to assume that the smaller change in thickness in the lumbopelvic pain cohort was due solely to a decreased amount of muscle activity, knowing that a 24% and an 11% change in thickness of the TrA and IO, respectively, is expected during an active straight leg raise test is potentially useful. In addition to this example and in keeping with the abdominal wall muscles as an example, investigators have measured thickness, length, and/or CSA in both resting 7,12,54,59,63 and dynamic conditions (eg, abdominal drawing-in maneuver, 11,69 respiration, 1,72 balance, upper limb tasks, 51 and walking tasks) within various (low back, lumbopelvic, and pelvic girdle pain, 67 amputees, 62 postpartum, 8 and healthy) cohorts. These studies provide normal resting values and/or describe patterns of architectural change.…”

Section: Distinguishing Between Patient and Healthy Populations With mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Imaging and Muscle Function

Whittaker

Stokes²

2011

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

126

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Characterization of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness in Persons with Lower Extremity Amputations

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Comparison of the Sonographic Features of the Abdominal Wall Muscles and Connective Tissues in Individuals With and Without Lumbopelvic Pain

Comparison of the Sonographic Features of the Abdominal Wall Muscles and Connective Tissues in Individuals With and Without Lumbopelvic Pain

Continuous monitoring of electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), sonomyography (SMG) and torque output during ramp and step isometric contractions

Ultrasound Imaging and Muscle Function

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