Characterization of Lead Oxide Thin Films Produced by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Abstract

As a step toward creating a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for PbTiO 3 thin films, lead oxide films were deposited and then examined. The reaction was oxidation controlled, with an apparent activation energy of 97 kJ/mol in this low-temperature, low-pressure metalorganic CVD (MOCVD) process. Across the deposition parameters examined, several distinct types of morphology were observed. Growth occurred as a combination of layer-onlayer and island formation. The structural and chemical properties of the lead oxide were examined by Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. Various forms of lead oxide were produced (litharge, massicot, and scrutinyite, singly or in combination with each other). The deposition parameters used in this work showed a tendency to maintain the same crystalline form from the initial nucleation stages through post-deposition annealing. Lead oxide formed readily on SiO 2 surfaces (contrary to studies by other researchers) and, indeed, reacted with the underlying SiO 2 layer.

Role of substrate temperature on the growth mechanism and physical properties of spray deposited lead oxide thin films

“…The PbO films in both phases exhibit different levels of reflectance and they can be used as optical storage devices [7]. Lead oxide thin films have also applications as protective coatings for lead salt devices and gas sensors [8]. It is also used as an adhesion promoter for thick films [9].…”

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Elemental Crystallogen Thin Films

“…138 A cursory look at the available literature shows an average E(CVD, Pb) ≈ 22 kcal mol −1 for PbO, out of a count of 6,. [139][140][141][142][143][144] No clear pattern is emerging yet.…”

Napoliite, Pb2OFCl, a new mineral from Vesuvius volcano, and its relationship with dimorphous rumseyite

“…Comparison with Raman spectra of oxygen-free lead halides are generally in agreement with the assignment made by Zakir'yanov et al (2016). No known Raman spectra of lead chlorides and fluorides contain bands of fundamental modes above 240 cm −1 , whereas such bands are observed in Raman spectra of the Pb 2+ oxides, litharge (at 321 and 339 cm −1 : Ciomartan et al , 1996; Madsen and Weaver, 1998 and massicot (at 289 and 384 cm −1 : Ciomartan et al , 1996; Madsen and Weaver, 1998) and also mendipite, Pb 3 O 2 Cl 2 (at 330 cm −1 : Bouchard and Smith, 2003). Thus, the bands at 318 and 332 cm −1 in the Raman spectrum of napoliite should be assigned to stretching vibrations of the longer and the shorter Pb–O bonds, respectively (see Table 6).…”