Characterization of neutralized wood vinegar derived from durian wood (Durio zibethinus) and its prospect as pesticide in acidic soil

Abstract

Wood vinegar is a brown liquid by-product obtained from the carbonization process. Wood vinegar could limit the usage of wood vinegar as pesticide in acidic soil because of its acidity. This study aimed to determine the main organic and inorganic components in neutralized durian wood vinegar. Wood vinegar was made by pyrolisis of durian wood in the absence of oxygen with a temperature of 350, 450, and 550 °C for 2 hours. Before being analyzed, wood vinegar was neutralized with NaOH 25% to formulate the new friendly pesticide in an agricultural field. Characterization for acidity was by pH meter; organic compounds were using GC-MS; inorganic compounds were using AAS. The result showed that both neutralized wood vinegar and acidic wood vinegar indicated groups of organic acids, phenol and carbonyl compounds, which were suspected as pesticides. The predominant component in acidic wood vinegar was guaiacol, while in neutralized wood vinegar was pyrocatechol. Both acidic and neutralized wood vinegar indicatively contained main inorganic elements such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and zinc that could serve as a natural pesticide. Based on the analysis result of inorganic elements, there were significant differences between acidic and neutralized wood vinegar except for Ca.

Metabolites, elemental profile and chemical activities of Pinus strobus high temperature-derived pyroligneous acid

“…Conversely, the Ca content was lower when compared to other PAs produced from corn straw (276 mg/L) [35] and oak (375.88 mg/L) [70]. Zn content in this study was 10 mg/L which was higher than PA derived from fruitwood (5.5 mg/L) [36] and mangrove wood PA [71], but lower than PA obtained from oak PA (16.71 mg/L) [70] and Durian PA (36.52-42.71 mg/L) produced at pyrolysis temperature between 350 and 550 °C [72]. Additionally, Mg, Fe, Cu, B, Mn, Mo, Na and all the trace and heavy metals were present at levels below the reported limits (Table 5).…”

“…Potassium content recorded 180 mg/L which was higher than previous studies. For instance, PA derived from oak contained 13.23 mg/L of K [70], mangrove wood PA contained moderate levels of K [71], fruitwood PA contained 0.01 mg/L [36] while 3.63-11.79 mg/L of K was recorded in Durian (Durio zibethinus) PA produced between 350 and 550 °C [72]. Also, Ca content in the white pine PA was 100 mg/L which was higher than Durian PA (14.72 mg/L) produced at 550 °C [72] and mangrove wood (8.82 mg/L) [71].…”

“…For instance, PA derived from oak contained 13.23 mg/L of K [70], mangrove wood PA contained moderate levels of K [71], fruitwood PA contained 0.01 mg/L [36] while 3.63-11.79 mg/L of K was recorded in Durian (Durio zibethinus) PA produced between 350 and 550 °C [72]. Also, Ca content in the white pine PA was 100 mg/L which was higher than Durian PA (14.72 mg/L) produced at 550 °C [72] and mangrove wood (8.82 mg/L) [71]. Conversely, the Ca content was lower when compared to other PAs produced from corn straw (276 mg/L) [35] and oak (375.88 mg/L) [70].…”

Sustainable Plant Growth Promotion and Chemical Composition of Pyroligneous Acid When Applied with Biochar as a Soil Amendment

“…GC-MS is also widely used to characterize the composition of PA products [ 44 , 45 ]. Quantitative measurement of detected compounds can be performed by comparison of areas underneath an identified chromatographic peak.…”

Rebuttal Letter—Journal of Applied Microbiology

“…Furthermore, Setiawati et al (2019), assessing neutralized PA, detected some changes in the percentages of phenolic compounds in the chemical composition of PA from Durian wood. In the acidic version, the main compound was guaiacol, while in the neutralized one it was pyrocatechol.…”