“…TiO 2 is a white in colour, odourless, tasteless chemical and can be produced from mined ilmenite ore through the sulphate or chloride process. Due to its ability to be resistant to chemical attack and possess excellent thermal stability (Vaquero et al, 2016), TiO 2 is also widely used in many commercial products including paints (Fichera et al, 2019), cosmetics (Dréno et al, 2019), food (Musial et al, 2020), aerospace (Inagaki et al, 2014) and many more.…”