Chemical actinometry (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract

Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the Chemical actinometry (IUPAC Technical Report)Abstract: This document updates the first version of the IUPAC technical report on "Chemical actinometers" published in Pure Appl. Chem. 61, 187-210 (1989). Since then, some methods have been improved, procedures have been modified, and new substances have been proposed as chemical actinometers. An actinometer is a chemical system or a physical device by which the number of photons in a beam absorbed into the defined space of a chemical reactor can be determined integrally or per time. This compilation includes chemical actinometers for the gas, solid, microheterogeneous, and liquid phases, as well as for the use with pulsed lasers for the measurement of transient absorbances, including the quantum yield of phototransformation, as well as the literature for each of the actinometers. The actinometers listed are for the use in the wavelength range from the UV to the red region of the spectrum. A set of recommended standard procedures is also given. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed regarding the use of chemical actinometers vs. electronic devices for the measurement of the number of photons absorbed. Procedures for the absolute measurement of incident photon flux by means of photodiodes are also discussed. CONTENTS

Effect of pH and Light on Aggregation and Conformation of an IgG1 mAb

“…Ferrioxalate actinometry 46,47 was used to determine the photon flux incident on the samples exposed to 302 nm light by the UV lamp system described above. ).…”

Crystallite phase-controlled preparation, characterisation and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

“…The TiO 2 suspension was sonicated for 15 min, before illumination, to disperse TiO 2 uniformly in the solution by sonoplus ultrasonic homogeniser HD 2200, Germany. The value of incident photon flux by reactor volume unit at 254 nm was 2.33 Â 10 À6 Einstein L À1 s À1 , which was calculated on the base of ferrioxalate actinometry measurement [41]. The pH of the solution was adjusted using dilute solutions of sulphuric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide when necessary and measured by pH meter (Metrohm, Switzerland).…”

Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis

“…polymerizations can have Φ > 10 4 . 113,114 Quantum yields can be determined by measuring first the photon flux with chemical actinometry 115 and subsequently carrying out the reaction in the same photochemical setup. The photon flux is defined as follows:…”