Chemical characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cutaneous wound healing potentials of gold nanoparticles usingAllium saralicumR.M. Fritsch

Abstract

The use of herbal medicines dates back a long way in history. Herbal medicines have been widely used all over the world since ancient times and have been recognized by physicians and patients for their good therapeutic value as they have fewer adverse effects than modern medicines. Recently, researchers have used gold nanoparticles synthesized by plants in the prevention, control, and treatment of infectious disorders and cutaneous wounds. The aims of this study were to synthesize gold nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch (AuNPs) and assess their therapeutic capacities. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FT‐IR results offered polysaccharides and protein in A. saralicum were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. According to XRD analysis, the crystal size of the nanoparticles was 41.6 nm. TEM and FE‐SEM images exhibited average diameters of 45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized AuNPs had great cell viability on HUVECs line and showed this method was nontoxic. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test indicated similar antioxidant potentials for A. saralicum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. To determine the antifungal and antibacterial properties of HAuCl4, A. saralicum, and AuNPs, agar diffusion tests were used. The aim of the application both HAuCl4 and A. saralicum in microbial tests was to investigate the synergism effects between them. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. AuNPs exhibited higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). The MIC and MBC of AuNPs against all bacteria were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–8 mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MFC of AuNPs against all fungi were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–4 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo part, AuNPs ointment group raised significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT‐IR, UV–Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE‐SEM analyses confirm that the aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves can be used to yield gold nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects without any cytotoxicity against HUVECs.

Evaluation of the gold nanoparticles prepared by ‎green ‎chemistry in ‎the ‎‏treatment of cutaneous candidiasis

“…Little data is available on the direct use of AuNPs prepared by green chemistry in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Nevertheless, the results of this study are in line with those of the existing studies which indicated the antifungal effect of AuNPs [ 25 , 26 ]. Moreover, the results of this study were consistent with those of the previous studies which revealed that AuNPs bound to the Candida cell wall through electrostatic interactions and released reactive oxygen species that interfered with the signals between cells, caused cell damage, and induced apoptosis [ 3 ].…”

Rhamnella gilgitica functionalized green synthesis of ZnONPs and their multiple therapeutic properties

“…The physical and chemical approaches have some disadvantages such as costly, require extensive labor, time consuming, utilizes harmful chemical reagents, use expensive instruments, complicated procedures, external additives, requires high temperature, and pressure, produced large quantity of waste that are toxic and hazardous to our ecosystem (Hu et al, 2020;Mohamed et al, 2019).…”

“…Different methods have been developed for the preparation of NPs such as chemical, physical and recently green chemistry or biological synthesis (Iqbal, Abbasi, Munir, Uddin, et al, 2020; Iqbal, Abbasi, Ahmad, Mahmoodi, et al, 2020; Ullah et al, 2020). The physical and chemical approaches have some disadvantages such as costly, require extensive labor, time consuming, utilizes harmful chemical reagents, use expensive instruments, complicated procedures, external additives, requires high temperature, and pressure, produced large quantity of waste that are toxic and hazardous to our ecosystem (Hu et al, 2020; Mohamed et al, 2019). The biological method is one of the methods uses bio‐based materials such as fungi, algae, and plants and is potentially being used for the production of NPs.…”

Evaluation of New Film Based on Chitosan/Gold Nanocomposites on Antibacterial Property and Wound‐Healing Efficacy

“…We next evaluated the particle size distribution of carriers, the peak of which lay in size from 6 to 10 nm. is size distribution was proved to be safe and devoid of toxicity in many literatures [20]. Moreover, the contacting surfaces became rough after the addition of AuNPs; the roughness has a positive effect on protein adsorption and cell adhesion.…”

“…But, controversy revolves around whether it is a direct contact or the release of gold ions. For a direct contact-killing mechanism, AuNPs adhere to the surface of bacterial cells by electrostatic interaction in the form of metallic gold which causes impaired cell membrane integrity, leakage of cell contents, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [20]. For the gold-ion mediated mechanism, gold ions released tend to bind to thiol (sulfhydryl) groups of cellular lipoproteins to interfere with the respiratory chain and generate ROS.…”