Chemical Composition and Schistosomicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Two Piper Species from the Amazon Region

Antischistosomal Activity of Essential Oils: An Updated Review

“…For example, at a concentration of 100 μg mL −1 , the essential oil from Citrus limonia caused 100 % mortality of adult S. mansoni worms after 24 h (LC 50 =38.9 μg mL −1 ) [19] . On the other hand, at a concentration of 50 μg mL −1 , the EOs from C. limonia [19] and Piper marginatum [20] caused 100 % mortality of adult S. mansoni worms only after 72 h (LC 50 =81.7 μm L −1 for C. limonia at 24 h). Thus, comparison between the efficacies of different EOs must consider not only the concentration, but also the time needed for causing the adult worm death.…”

“…Thus, comparison between the efficacies of different EOs must consider not only the concentration, but also the time needed for causing the adult worm death. At 100 μg mL −1 , the EOs from Citrus reticulata fruit peels (LC 50 =81.7 mL −1 ), [19] P. marginatum leaves, [20] Plectranthus neochilus leaves (LC 50 =89.6 mL −1 ), [21] Tagetes erecta leaves (LC 50 =81.5 mL −1 ), [22] and Tetradenia riparia leaves [23] caused 100 % mortality of adult S. mansoni worms after 24 h. These EOs are more effective than the EOs from Bidens sulphurea flowers, [24] and Piper callosum leaves [20] at 100 μg mL −1 , which cause the death of all the adult Schistosoma worms only after 48 h. For other EOs, increased concentrations are needed for them to cause the same mortality after incubation for 24 h ( e. g ., the EOs from Lavandula angustifolia leaves (200 μg mL −1 , LC 50 =117.7 μg mL −1 at 24 h), [25] Piper cubeba fruits (200 μg mL −1 ), [26] and Tanacetum vulgare aerial parts (200 μg mL −1 )) [27] . In some cases, 100 % mortality of all the S. mansoni worms is reached only at concentrations higher than 100 μg mL −1 and incubation times longer than 24 h ( e. g ., EO from Baccharis trimera leaves at 130 μg mL −1 after 30 h) [14] …”

“…3,4 methylenedioxypropiophenone (10.4 %), bicyclogermacrene (10.2 %) and germacrene D (9.9 %) At 50 μg mL À 1 100 % mortality after 120 h; at 25 μg mL À 1 , reduced motor activity of all worms incubated with the EO after 24 h [20] Piper cubeba L. f., Piperaceae (India) [fruits] Sabinene (19.9 %), eucalyptol (11.9 %), 4terpineol (6.4 %), βpinene (5.8 %), camphor (5.6 %), and δ-3-carene (5.3 %)…”

“…[leaves] Limonene (29.9 %), β-pinene (12.0 %), sabinene (9.0 %), citronellal (9.0 %), and citronellol (5.8 %) At 50 μg mL À 1 , 100 % mortality of adult S. mansoni worms after 72 h (LC 50 = 81.7 and 38.9 μg mL À 1 after 24 and 72 h, respectively); at 25 and 100 μg mL À 1 , separation between 25 and 75 % of coupled worms, respectively; at 50 μg mL À 1 , only tails and suckers move after 24 and 48 h [19] Citrus reticulata Blanco, Rutaceae (Brazil) [fruit peels] limonene (26.5 %), γ-terpinene (17.2 %), linalool (11.1 %), octanal (8.0 %), myrcene (6.2 %), and capraldehyde (3.9 %) At 100 μg mL À 1 , 100 % mortality after 24 h (LC 50 = 81.7 μg mL À 1 ); at 25 μg mL À 1 , separation of all coupled worms after 24 h; at 50 μg mL À 1 , only tails and suckers moved after 24 and 48 h [19] Dysphania At 100 μg mL À 1 , 100 % mortality after 48 h (PC + , an EO denser than water) and 24 h (PC-, an EO less dense than water); at 50 at μg mL À 1 , 62.5 % of worms treated with PC + and PC-had decreased motor activity* after 120 h [20] Piper marginatum Jacq., Piperaceae (Brazil) [leaves]…”

In vitro mineral apposition analysis of two Colombian plant extracts on Amelogenesis imperfecta teeth

“…In rats, its oral administration (2 g/kg) did not induce a cytotoxic effect. On the contrary, parenteral route of administration (1 g/kg), did evidence piloerection, drooling, lacrimation, muscle relaxation, and dyspnea (Brú & Guzman, 2016; D'Angelo et al, 1997; García‐Barriga, 1992; Gonçalves et al, 2019; Gupta et al, 2008; Mutis, 1997; Reigada et al, 2007; Sequeda‐Castañeda et al, 2015).…”