Chemical Derivatisation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Diazonium Salts

Heald, C.; Wildgoose, Gregory G.; Jiang, Li; Jones, Timothy G. J.; Compton, Richard G.

doi:10.1002/cphc.200400369

Cited by 89 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…of CNTs with aryldiazonium salts, first demonstrated by Bahr et al [23] This reaction which occurs at room temperature has been used extensively to attach various organic compounds to CNTs [24,25,26,27]. For the selective placement of nanotubes on metal oxides we combine it with the hydroxamic acid functionality.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field-Effect Transistors Assembled from Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Klinke¹,

Hannon²,

Afzali³

et al. 2006

Nano Lett.

139

130

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We have fabricated field effect transistors from carbon nanotubes using a novel selective placement scheme. We use carbon nanotubes that are covalently bound to molecules containing hydroxamic acid functionality. The functionalized nanotubes bind strongly to basic metal oxide surfaces, but not to silicon dioxide. Upon annealing, the functionalization is removed, restoring the electronic properties of the nanotubes. The devices we have fabricated show excellent electrical characteristics.One-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires [1] and carbon nanotubes [2,3] (CNTs) have excellent electrical properties making them attractive for applications in nanotechnology [4,5,6,7]. Semiconducting nanotubes, in particular, are receiving considerable attention due to their very promising performance as channels of field effect transistors (FETs) [8,9,10,11,12]. However, in order for the large-scale integration of CNTs in electronics to take place, many challenges must be overcome. One particularly important problem is selectively positioning CNTs on a substrate. Although considerable progress has been made for nanoclusters [13,14,15] and nanowires [16,17,18] it remains a difficult task for CNTs. Several approaches have been demonstrated based on the chemical patterning of the substrate (typically SiO2) [19,20,21]. In these approaches surfaces are patterned with molecules that either promote or prevent nanotube adhesion. For example, amine-terminated compounds have been shown to enhance nanotube binding while hydrophobic compounds prevent it [22]. Nevertheless, these methods remain unsatisfactory because of the adverse influence of the functionalization on the electrical performance of the devices.Here we propose a new approach that allows to selectively position CNTs based on their functionalization rather than the modification of the substrate. The complete fabrication sequence of chemical functionalization, selective placement, fabrication of multiple devices and defunctionalization is demostrated. High-performance devices can thus be directly assembled. Specifically, we covalently bound molecules to the CNTs that contain the hydroxamic acid functionality (Fig. 1). The functionalized tubes bind strongly to Al2O3 (and other basic metal oxides), but not to SiO2. Upon heating to 600 • C, the functionalization is removed, and the electrical properties of the tube are restored. We exploited the selective bonding to position nanotubes at precise locations on a SiO2 substrate patterned with Al2O3. Using this approach we fabricated FETs with high yield and excellent electrical properties.Our functionalization strategy is based on the reaction * Electronic address: klinke@chemie.uni-hamburg.de; Present address:

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field-Effect Transistors Assembled from Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Klinke¹,

Hannon²,

Afzali³

et al. 2006

Nano Lett.

139

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[22][23][24][25][26]28] In addition we have physisorbed a host of small hydrophobic organic molecules onto the surface of graphite powder [31] and also formed agglomerates of MWCNTs consisting of bundles of MWCNTs, % 10 mm in size, running into and throughout an amorphous redox active molecular solid such as 1, 2-napthaquinone and 9, 10-phenanthraquinone [27] Despite the characterisation of these chemically modified graphitic materials revealing that the modifier is always bound to the surface of graphite or MWCNT powder, and the material remains abrasively immobilised onto the surface of the electrode, we frequently observed that these materials exhibited square root of scan rate dependencies of their peak currents. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]31] Herein we seek to explain this, perhaps surprising, phenomenon by noting that in these cases the interfacial kinetics are not controlled by diffusion of a species in solution (the Cottrell model), but by diffusion of charge over the surface of the carbon particles as electrons hop from one chemical moiety attached to the carbon surface to another, as shown in Figure 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Theory of Non‐Cottrellian Diffusion on the Surface of a Sphere or Truncated Sphere

2006

Self Cite

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A method is developed whereby spherical and other particles can be derivatised with electroactive species on their surface and then immobilised on the surface of an electrode. The chronoamperometric and voltammetric responses in the limit of reversible electrode kinetics are modelled using a theory of charge movement over the surface of the spheres where this movement is considered as a diffusional process. The model is extended to include different distributions of sphere radii and to model the scenario of truncated spheres resting on the electrode surface. It is found that a good estimation of the truncation angle can be found by fitting the experimental data with theoretical predictions.

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“…Wang et al, [1] have efficiently introduced nitro groups on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by conventional nitration procedures. Compton et al [2] reported the derivatization of MWCNTs by chemical reduction of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate with hypophosphorous acid. The formed 4-nitrophenyl-MWCNTs (NB-MWCNTs) were abrasively immobilized onto the surface of a basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) electrode and characterized by cyclic voltammetry.…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric behavior of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in solution on GCE and encapsulated on multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

Moscoso

Carbajo

Mozo

et al. 2016

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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The cyclic voltammetric behavior of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-DNB) in 0.1 M PBS of pH 7 was examined at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). 3,5 -DNB was found to produce two irreversible reduction peaks corresponding to the reduction of each nitro group in the 3,5 -DNB molecule. Our results contradict previous studies (P. Gopal et al. Journal of Molecular Liquids 178 (2013) 168-174) wherein the same peaks are assigned as, the first, to the reduction of the nitro group to hydroxylamine and the second, to the subsequent reduction to amine derivative. Also we report that GCE modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be derivatized with 3,5 DNB. The derivatization procedure involves simple immersion of the MWCNT-modified electrode in a solution containing 3,5 -DNB. SEM images reveal that the network of nanotubes form a homogeneous, twisted, densely packed, three-dimensional array that remains attached to the GCE surface. Both electrochemical and SEM measurements indicate that 3,5-DNB is encapsulated on the electrode, most probably by being trapped within the pockets of the mentioned three-dimensional array, without formation of covalent bonding.FONDECYT 113016

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Chemical Derivatisation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Diazonium Salts

Cited by 89 publications

References 34 publications

Field-Effect Transistors Assembled from Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Field-Effect Transistors Assembled from Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

The Theory of Non‐Cottrellian Diffusion on the Surface of a Sphere or Truncated Sphere

Voltammetric behavior of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in solution on GCE and encapsulated on multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

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