Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*

Abstract

Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.

Exogenous hormones influence Brassica napus leaf cuticular wax deposition and cuticle function

“…In many of these mechanisms, plant hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), are known to regulate crucial elements of plant stress responses (Creelman & Mullet, 1995;Kumar, 2013). Furthermore, the intricate crosstalks among these hormones by which they can modulate growth and development in response to diverse environmental stresses have emerged as a common theme (Jiang & Asami, 2018). However, though these hormones regulate practically many aspects of plant stress responses, the effects of SA, JA and ET on the first protective barrier, plant cuticular wax, still remain unclear.…”

Manipulating Gibberellin Control Over Growth and Fertility as a Possible Target for Managing Wild Radish Weed Populations in Cropping Systems

“…For several decades, chemical screens have identified inhibitors of bioactive GA synthesis in plants. More recently, with the increasing availability of chemical libraries and omic information on GA related enzymes, target directed screens have successfully identified a suite of chemicals functioning as bioactive GA mimics or GA receptor inhibitors, to highly specific inhibitors of GA2OXs (Jiang and Asami, 2018). The GA3OX GID1-DELLA yeast system we established to determine the GA 3-oxidase capability of RrGA3OX1a, could be used to screen for inhibitory molecules that discriminate between dicot and monocot GA3OX enzymes.…”

“…Our version of the system could be broadened to utilize species specific GID1 proteins and potentially even include the upstream GA20OX proteins, expanding the number of targets and increasing the probability of isolating a species-specific GA inhibitor. The insight into species-specific differences of possible GA interacting residues, could help tailor specificity through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, much like inhibitors of auxin, abscisic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis/ signaling have been refined (Jiang and Asami, 2018).…”

From synthetic control to natural products: a focus on N‐heterocycles

“…Moreover, SLs can be used to improve nutrient absorption, and to regulate plant stature and response to abiotic stress. The availability of synthetic derivatives that are efficient, low‐cost and lack off‐target effects is highly desiderable …”

“…The availability of synthetic derivatives that are efficient, low-cost and lack off-target effects is highly desiderable. 90 www.soci.org C Prandi, EG Occhiato pinidinone, 96 deoxyfebrifugine 97 and norallosedamine, 98 among others. 31 The synthesis of other related alkaloids such as sedamine 99,100 and 5-hydroxy sedamine, 101 halosaline 102,103 and pelletierine 104,105 could also be easily envisaged by exploiting the reactivity of such vinylogous amides.…”