Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke LXVI. Comparative Assessment of Volatile and Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines in the Smoke of Selected Cigarettes From the U.S.A., West Germany and France.

Abstract

Studies on the variations of biologically important smoke constituents of popular cigarettes in several European countries and in the United States include investigations on the types and levels of volatile (VNA) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA). GLC-TEA and HPLC-TEA methods are used to determine the VNA and TSNA in mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes. This report presents data on the smoke of some West German cigarettes which demonstrate that the VNA levels are about the same as those in the smoke of U.S. cigarettes; but that they are lower than those in the smoke of French cigarettes, made of dark tobacco types. The tobacco-specific nonvolatile N-nitrosamines determined in the mainstream smoke of commercial U.S. blended cigarettes (N-nitrosoanatabine, N-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone together) ranged from 680 to 830 ng per cigarette, while those for commercial West German products ranged from 340 to 780 ng per cigarette in nonfilter brands and from 180 to 450 ng in filter-tipped cigarettes. The analyzed French products contained 1010 to 1380 ng of these compounds in the smoke of each cigarette.

Formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid in vitro and in mainstream cigarette smoke

“…Quantities of individual and total TSNA in the MS of the French cigarette were significantly higher than those in the MS of the U.S. blended cigarette. This observation is in agreement with earlier findings (Ruehl et al, 1980;Fischer et al, 1989). Interestingly, SS of the dark tobacco cigarette contained greater amounts of NAB and NNK (Table III) than MS of the corresponding cigarette.…”

RAGE and tobacco smoke: insights into modeling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

“…Of these, around 400 have been quantified, at least 200 are toxic to humans and/or experimental animals, and over 50 have been identified as known, probable, or possible human carcinogens (Kirsti, 2004). Studies indicate that compared with mainstream smoke collected under standard FTC/ISO smoking parameters, sidestream smoke has higher levels of PAHs (Grimmer et al, 1987; Evans et al, 1993), nitrosamines (Brunnemann et al, 1977, 1980; Hoffmann et al, 1979a; Ruhl et al, 1980), aza-arenes (Dong et al, 1978; Grimmer et al, 1987), aromatic amines (Patrianakos and Hoffmann, 1979), carbon monoxide (Hoffmann et al, 1979b; Rickert et al, 1984), nicotine (Rickert et al, 1984; Pakhale and Maru, 1998), ammonia (Brunnemann and Hoffmann, 1975), pyridine (Johnson et al, 1973; Brunnemann and Hoffmann, 1978), and the gas phase components 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, isoprene, benzene, and toluene (Brunnemann et al, 1990). In addition to these deleterious compounds, other factors such as the type of tobacco, the chemicals added to the tobacco, the way the tobacco product is smoked, and, for cigarettes and cigars, the material in which the tobacco is wrapped can also affect second-hand smoke chemical composition (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002; National Toxicology Program, 2005; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006).…”

Plausible Roles for RAGE in Conditions Exacerbated by Direct and Indirect (Secondhand) Smoke Exposure

“…Indeed, literature suggests that SHS may even expose individuals to higher levels of certain deleterious compounds than those observed in mainstream smoke. SHS for example is shown to have higher levels of PAHs [29,30], tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) [31,32,33], aromatic amines [34], aza-arenes [29,35], carbon monoxide [36,37,38], nicotine [39,40], ammonia [41], pyridine [42,43], and gas phase components of acrolein, benzene, toluene, and isoprene 1,3-butadiene [44]. Recently, thirdhand smoke has also been implicated as a potent source of exposure to the toxins found in cigarettes [45].…”