Chemical vapor deposition of novel carbon materials

Chow, Lee; Zhou, Daniel K.; Hussain, Amreen A.; Kleckley, Stephen; Zollinger, Kevin; Schulte, Alfons; Wang, H

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(00)00763-x

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Scientists have tried several interesting synthetic routes to obtain high quality carbon. These include carbonization of organic/polymeric precursors, [22][23][24] chemical vapour deposition, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] excimer laser ablation of graphitic targets, [32][33][34] sputtering/plasma based synthesis, 35,36 arc discharge synthesis, 37,38 chemical methods, etc. 39,40 More recently researchers have started utilizing organic waste materials for the synthesis of carbon for specic absorbants or charge storage applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors

Biswal¹,

Banerjee²,

Deo³

et al. 2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

845

494

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Functional microporous conducting carbon with a high surface area of about 1230 m 2 g À1 is synthesized by single-step pyrolysis of dead plant leaves (dry waste, ground powder) without any activation and studied for supercapacitor application. We suggest that the activation is provided by the natural constituents in the leaves composed of soft organics and metals. Although the detailed study performed and reported here is on dead Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), the process is clearly generic and applicable to most forms of dead leaves. Indeed we have examined the case of dead Ashoka leaves as well. The comparison between the Neem and Ashoka leaves brings out the importance of the constitution and composition of the bio-source in the nature of carbon formed and its properties. We also discuss and compare the cases of pyrolysis of green leaves as well as un-ground dead leaves with that of ground dead leaf powder studied in full detail. The concurrent high conductivity and microporosity realized in our carbonaceous materials are key to the high energy supercapacitor application. Indeed, our synthesized functional carbon exhibits a very high specific capacitance of 400 F g À1 and an energy density of 55 W h kg À1 at a current density of 0.5 A g À1 in aqueous 1 M H 2 SO 4 . The areal capacitance value of the carbon derived from dead (Neem) plant leaves (CDDPL) is also significantly high (32 mF cm À2 ). In an organic electrolyte the material shows a specific capacitance of 88 F g À1 at a current density of 2 A g À1 . Broader contextWaste management has always been a big problem in big cities. Most such waste is a rich source of carbon but may contain other elements in different proportions. Usually the waste from natural sources is just burnt producing ash and hazardous gaseous pollution products. If instead it is harnessed to synthesize electronically active carbon, one could use it for value-added products such as materials for supercapacitor electrodes. Supercapacitors have been attracting signicant interest due to their applications in electrical vehicles, digital devices, pulsing techniques etc. In this work we demonstrate the synthesis of high surface area microporous conducting carbon by one-step pyrolysis of dead plant leaves (abundant waste material) without any chemical or physical activation and have examined its properties for supercapacitor application. Although the detailed study performed and reported here is on dead Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), the process is clearly generic and applicable to most forms of dead leaves. Indeed we have examined the case of dead Ashoka leaves too. With dead Neem leaves we have achieved a high specic capacitance of 400 F g À1 and a energy density of 55 W h kg À1 at 0.5 A g À1 . Moreover, in an organic electrolyte the material shows a specic capacitance of 88 F g À1 at 2 A g À1 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors

Biswal¹,

Banerjee²,

Deo³

et al. 2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

845

494

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There have been intensively investigated for supercapacitor electrode application such as activated carbons 3 , templated carbons 4 , carbon nanofibers 5 , carbon nanotubes 6 , carbide-derived carbons 7 and graphenes 8 9 10 . Several interesting synthetic routes have been found to obtain the high quality carbons, including carbonization of organic/polymeric precursors 11 12 13 , chemical vapor deposition 14 15 16 17 18 19 , excimer laser ablation of graphitic targets 20 21 22 , arc discharge syntheses 23 24 , sputtering/plasma based syntheses 25 26 , chemical methods, etc 27 28 . However, those methods have obvious shortages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparing two-dimensional microporous carbon from Pistachio nutshell with high areal capacitance as supercapacitor materials

Gao

Zhang

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

187

111

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Two-dimensional (2D) porous carbon AC-SPN-3 possessing of amazing high micropore volume ratio of 83% and large surface area of about 1069 m2 g−1 is high-yield obtained by pyrolysis of natural waste Pistachio nutshells with KOH activation. The AC-SPN-3 has a curved 2D lamellar morphology with the thickness of each slice about 200 nm. The porous carbon is consists of highly interconnected uniform pores with the median pore diameter of about 0.76 nm, which could potentially improve the performance by maximizing the electrode surface area accessible to the typical electrolyte ions (such as TEA+, diameter = ~0.68 nm). Electrochemical analyses show that AC-SPN-3 has significantly large areal capacitance of 29.3/20.1 μF cm−2 and high energy density of 10/39 Wh kg−1 at power of 52/286 kW kg−1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and 1 M TEABF4 in EC-DEC (1:1) organic electrolyte system, respectively.

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“…These two peaks are normally accompanied by a significant grain refinement of diamond films down to nanometer scale. Thus, they are regarded as the typical indication of a nanocrystalline diamond 16,17 . In combination with the morphological features, it is determined that a nanocrystalline diamond film has been formed on the TiSiN and TiAlSiN interlayers, in combination with an increased content of a nondiamond carbon structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond Growth on a Si Substrate With Ceramic Interlayers

Xiao

Hirose

et al. 2007

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Deposition of diamond films on Si substrates precoated with a series of ceramic intermediate layers was examined. The interlayers containing SiC, SiNx, SiCN, TiSiN, and TiAlSiN were prepared by a liquid injection plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method using alkoxide solution precursors. The subsequent diamond synthesis on these coatings was carried out by microwave plasma‐assisted CVD (MPCVD) using a H2–1%CH4 mixture. A higher nucleation density of diamond was obtained on these intermediate layers than on the as‐polished Si wafer, along with a nonuniform surface distribution of diamond. Diamond powder scratching pretreatment of these interlayers enhanced the nucleation density and promoted the formation of fully uniform diamond films. Particularly, nanocrystalline diamond films were directly generated on TiSiN and TiAlSiN layers under an identical deposition condition that had favored the formation of microcrystalline diamond films on Si wafers and the Si(C,N) interlayers. The mechanism for this difference is attributed primarily to a higher amount of residual amorphous carbon in TiSiN and TiAlSiN layers than that inside Si(C,N) layers.

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Chemical vapor deposition of novel carbon materials

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors

From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors

Preparing two-dimensional microporous carbon from Pistachio nutshell with high areal capacitance as supercapacitor materials

Diamond Growth on a Si Substrate With Ceramic Interlayers

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