“…The Mannich-type reactions are classical methods for the synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds due to their atom-economy advantages and application in biologically active molecule syntheses. The reported Mannich reactions have been catalyzed by various catalysts such as CeCl 3 ·7H 2 O [4], NbCl 5 [5], BiCl 3 [6], CAN [7], Bi(OTf) 3 [8], Zn(OTf) 2 [9], HClO 4 -SiO 2 [10], sulfated MCM-41 [11], ZSM-5-SO 3 H [12], PEG-SO 3 H [13], ionic liquid [14][15][16][17], sulphamic acid [18,19], Cu-nanoparticles [20], [RE(PFO) 3 ] [21], silica based tin(II) catalyst [22], carbon based solid acid [23], polyaniline/SiO 2 [24], lipase [25], saccharose [26], (bromodimethyl)sulfonium bromide [27], heteroplyacid salts [28], iodine-alumina under microwave irradiation [29], SO 4 2-/Ce x Zr 1-x O 2 [30], 2-hydroxylpyridine [31], ZnCl 2 [32]. However, these methods have certain drawbacks such as harsh reaction conditions, toxicity, difficulty in product separation, longer reaction time, and the use of an excess of expensive reagents/catalysts.…”