Using synchrotron-radiation photoemission, we have studied the electronic structures of rubrene: C 60 heterojunctions on Au substrates. The photoelectron spectra show that the interfacial properties at the C 60 /rubrene/Au and rubrene/C 60 /Au interfaces are asymmetric and do not follow the commutation rule. In the C 60 /rubrene case, a gap state appearing in the initial deposition stage results from negative charges transferred from rubrene to C 60 , while in the inverse deposition process, no strong chemical reaction could be found. A significant shift of the vacuum level induced by alignment of the charge neutrality levels of the two materials was observed in both cases. Furthermore, the charge transfer strongly enhances the dipole potential of the C 60 /rubrene interface. The energy level diagrams show that the C 60 -on-rubrene process has a superior number of advantages in the photovoltaic applications. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.