Chemotherapeutic Properties of Streptomycin.

Robinson, Harry J.; Smith, Dorothy G.; Graessle, Otto E.

doi:10.3181/00379727-57-14763

Cited by 68 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…It is of particular interest to note that the two basic preparations used in this study, streptothricin and streptomycin, both of which possess similar chemical and antibacterial properties, differ greatly in their antifungal activities: the second is completely inactive, whereas the first has some definite activity against fungi. These observations thus tend to confirm those obtained by Robinson, Smith, and Graessle (1944).…”

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“…The marked fungistatic properties of clavacin have also been indicated Spencer, 1942, 1943). In a study of the antifungal properties of streptothricin and streptomycin, two closely related antibiotic substances produced by actinomycetes, Robinson, Smith, and Graessle (1944) demonstrated that whereas streptothricin has considerable activity against both pathogenic and saprophytic fungi, streptomycin has very little effect against these organisms.…”

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Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

1945

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Fungi, especially the filamentous types, have become definitely established as the most important group of organisms that is capable of producing antibacterial substances under proper conditions of culture. No less significant, even if less well known, is the fact that many microorganisms, including fungi on the one hand, and bacteria and actinomycetes on the other, are capable of producing agents which possess antifungal properties. Some of the antibiotic substances which are active against bacteria are also characterized by fungistatic and fungicidal activities; others, however, may be active upon bacteria but not upon fungi. These facts have long been known to the plant pathologists, who were impressed by the ability of fungi to live in close association with other microorganisms in natural substrates, especially in the soil. Many of the organisms antagonistic to fungi were known to have a specific capacity of inhibiting the growth of various plant-pathogenic fungi and even of causing their destruction. This effect is selective and varies for different fungi, some being affected greatly and others slightly or not at all. The practical utilization of this phenomenon for the control of plant diseases has, therefore, been suggested (Chudiakov, 1935; Novogrudsky, 1936) and has actually been utilized on a limited scale. However, the ability of antagonistic microorganisms to attack fungi causing animal diseases (Chambers and Weidman, 1928) and the utilization of the antibiotic substances produced by these organisms for the purpose of combating such pathogens have received only cursory consideration (Waksman, 1945). The favorable effects that resulted from the practical utilization of certain antibiotic substances, such as tyrothricin, penicillin, and streptomycin, for the control of various human and animal diseases caused by bacteria suggested the possibility that some of these agents may also be utilized for the control of human and animal diseases caused by fungi. No attempt will be made to review here the very extensive literature on the antagonistic effects of various microorganisms upon fungi (Waksman, 1941). Studies of these reactions have resulted in the isolation of crystalline gliotoxin (Weindling, 1934) and in the demonstration that various bacteria produce antifungal agents (Chudiakov, 1935; Cordon and Haenseler, 1939). The effect of antibiotic substances upon fungi resulted in a modification of the morphology of the organisms, a change in some physiological mechanism such

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Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

1945

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“…Streptomycin is an antibiotic that acts against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. At the concentration used (200 μg L −1 ), streptomycin is usually not a potent agent against fungi, requiring roughly a thousand‐fold concentration of streptomycin (3.5–8 mg mL −1 ) to be effective [ Robinson et al ., , Robinson , ]. Nystatin is mainly active against most fungi, while bacteria are not affected [ Lampen et al ., ].…”

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Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and atmosphere under various CO₂ concentrations

Bunk

Behrendt

et al. 2017

JGR Biogeosciences

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A new continuous integrated cavity output spectroscopy analyzer and an automated soil chamber system were used to investigate the exchange processes of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and the atmosphere under laboratory conditions. The exchange patterns of OCS between soils and the atmosphere were found to be highly dependent on soil moisture and ambient CO2 concentration. With increasing soil moisture, OCS exchange ranged from emission under dry conditions to an uptake within an optimum moisture range, followed again by emission at high soil moisture. Elevated CO2 was found to have a significant impact on the exchange rate and direction as tested with several soils. There is a clear tendency toward a release of OCS at higher CO2 levels (up to 7600 ppm), which are typical for the upper few centimeters within soils. At high soil moisture, the release of OCS increased sharply. Measurements after chloroform vapor application show that there is a biotic component to the observed OCS exchange. Furthermore, soil treatment with the fungi inhibitor nystatin showed that fungi might be the dominant OCS consumers in the soils we examined. We discuss the influence of soil moisture and elevated CO2 on the OCS exchange as a change in the activity of microbial communities. Physical factors such as diffusivity that are governed by soil moisture also play a role. Comparing KM values of the enzymes to projected soil water CO2 concentrations showed that competitive inhibition is unlikely for carbonic anhydrase and PEPCO but might occur for RubisCO at higher CO2 concentrations.

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“…, certain of the Salmonella (Robinson, Smith, and Graessle, 1944), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Donovick, Hamre, Kavanagh, and Rake, 1945), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis , as well as its in vivo therapeutic behavior against such infecting agents (Jones, Metzger, Schatz, and Waksman, 1944;Robinson, Smith, and Graessle, 1944), investigations of this antibiotic as well as of the characteristics and growth requirements of the causative organism, Streptomyces griseus, are now. being vigorously investigated in many laboratories.…”

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Studies on the Nutritional Requirements of Streptomyces griseus for the Formation of Streptomycin

Rake¹,

Donovick²

1946

J Bacteriol

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Chemotherapeutic Properties of Streptomycin.

Cited by 68 publications

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Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and atmosphere under various CO₂ concentrations

Studies on the Nutritional Requirements of Streptomyces griseus for the Formation of Streptomycin

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Chemotherapeutic Properties of Streptomycin.

Cited by 68 publications

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Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

Antifungal Properties of Antibiotic Substances

Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and atmosphere under various CO2 concentrations

Studies on the Nutritional Requirements of Streptomyces griseus for the Formation of Streptomycin

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Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and atmosphere under various CO₂ concentrations