Childhood Cartilage ECM Enhances the Chondrogenesis of Endogenous Cells and Subchondral Bone Repair of the Unidirectional Collagen–dECM Scaffolds in Combination with Microfracture

Abstract

Despite the formation of mechanically inferior fibrocartilage, microfracture (MF) still remains the gold standard to repair the articular cartilage defects in clinical settings. To date, although many tissue-engineering scaffolds have been developed to enhance the MF outcome, the clinical outcomes remain inconsistent. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is among the most promising scaffold for cartilage repair due to its inheritance of the natural cartilage components. However, the impact of dECM from different developmental stages on cellular chondrogenesis and therapeutic effect remains elusive, as the development of native cartilage involves the distinct temporal dependency of the ECM components and various growth factors. Herein, we hypothesized that the immature cartilage dECM at various developmental stages was inherently different, and would consequently impact the chondrogenic potential BMSCs. In this study, we fabricated three different unidirectional collagen−dECM scaffolds sourced from neonatal, childhood, and adolescent rabbit cartilage tissues, and identified the age-dependent biological variations, including DNA, cartilage-specific proteins, and growth factors; along with the mechanical and degradation differences. Consequently, the different local cellular microenvironments provided by these scaffolds led to the distinctive cell morphology, circularity, proliferation, chondrogenic genes expression, and chondrogenesis of BMSCs in vitro, and the different gross morphology, cartilage-specific protein production, and subchondral bone repair when in combination with microfracture in vivo. Together, this work highlights the immature cartilage dECM at different developmental stages that would result in the diversified effects to BMSCs, and childhood cartilage would be considered the optimal dECM source for the further development of dECM-based tissue engineering scaffolds in articular cartilage repair.

Functional injectable hydrogel with spatiotemporal sequential release for recruitment of endogenous stem cells and in situ cartilage regeneration

“…51 There were agglomerations of BMSCs, which favored chondrogenesis. 52 Furthermore, the calculation results showed that cells in the Col-Apt@KGN MPs hydrogel and Col@KGN MPs hydrogel were relatively round, and their spreading area was relatively small on Day 7 (Fig. 4D and E).…”

Regeneration of articular cartilage defects: Therapeutic strategies and perspectives

“…Among them, childhood cartilage is considered the optimal ECM source for the further development of ECM-based tissue engineering scaffolds in AC repair. 142 In addition, ECM from different cartilage types has specific functions in inducing stem cells to osteogenesis or chondrogenic differentiation due to their different bioactive factors. Mass spectrometry revealed that the growth plate and AC ECM contain a unique array of regulatory proteins.…”

Creating a Microenvironment to Give Wings to Dental Pulp Regeneration—Bioactive Scaffolds

“…Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) refers to biological materials formed by human or animal tissues or organs through decellularized methods [ 40 ]. Decellularized muscle matrix biomaterials were first reported in 1948; scientists have gradually deepened their research correlated with dECM in recent years [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Some dECM materials are FDA-approved, such as AlloDerm ® for skin repair [ 46 ].…”