Children’s Accommodation During Reading of Chinese and English Texts

Yeo, Anna Chwee Hong; Atchison, David A.; Schmid, Katrina L.

doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e31827ce23a

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…When children look at the chart at a self-chosen distance (which ranged from 5 to 20 cm), the acuity that is measured is ~0.15 logMAR lower than the acuity measured at 40 cm. The rationale behind the 40 cm rule is that accommodation is not expected to play a large role while at shorter distances it does [4]. Furthermore, it is difficult for the experimental leader to monitor viewing distance accurately if a child adopts a self-chosen viewing distance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amplitude of accommodation in school-age children is about 15 dioptres indicating that they can see details up close at 6.7 cm [2]. However, accommodation accuracy is reported to be less precise in infants [3] and at smaller reading distances [4]. Because accommodation accuracy is dependent on viewing distance, it is important to adopt a fixed viewing distance during near vision assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of near visual acuity in 0–13 year olds with normal and low vision: a systematic review

Huurneman

Boonstra

2016

BMC Ophthalmol

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BackgroundThe inclusion for rehabilitation of visually impaired children is partly based on the measurement of near vision, but guidelines for near visual acuity assessment are currently lacking. The twofold purpose of this systematic review was to: (i) provide an overview of the impact of the chart design on near visual acuity measured, and (ii) determine the method of choice for near vision assessments in children of different developmental ages.MethodsA literature search was conducted by using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. The last search was run on March 26th 2016. Additional studies were identified by contacting experts and searching for relevant articles in reference lists of included studies. Search terms were: vision test(s), vision assessment(s), visual acuity, chart(s) and near.ResultsFor children aged 0–3 years the golden standard is still the preferential looking procedure. Norms are available for this procedure for 6–36 month old children. For 4–7 year olds, we recommend using the LEA symbols, because these symbols have been properly validated and can be used in preliterate children. Responses can be verbal or by matching the target symbol. In children aged 8–13 years, the recommended method is the ETDRS letter chart, because letter acuity is more predictive for functional vision and reading than symbol acuity. In 8–13 year olds, letter acuity is 0.1–0.2 logMAR poorer than symbol acuity.ConclusionsChart design, viewing distance, and threshold choice have a serious impact on near visual acuity measurements. Near visual acuity measured with symbols is lower than near visual acuity measured with gratings, and near visual acuity measured with letters is lower than near visual acuity measured with symbols. Viewing distance, chart used, and letter spacing should be adapted to the child’s development and reported in order to allow comparisons between measurements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of near visual acuity in 0–13 year olds with normal and low vision: a systematic review

Huurneman

Boonstra

2016

BMC Ophthalmol

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“…Although myopia in young children is rare, 25 accommodative lag when performing near work is common in children 65 and lag tends to increase with increasing accommodative demand and is larger in developing myopes. 66,67 We hypothesize, therefore, that accommodative lag and negative SA that exist habitually during near work will mimic the low-contrast retinal image conditions known to produce anomalous eye growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Thibos

Bradley

Liu³

et al. 2013

Optometry and Vision Science

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When coupled with Wallman's hypothesis that retinal activity caused by image contrast inhibits eye growth, these results provide a testable hypothesis to account for myopia progression. For example, we suggest that hyperopic blur is a risk factor for myopia progression only when the eye has a negative SA because that is the combination leading to relatively low contrast in the defocused retinal image. Because the likelihood of a negative SA increases with accommodation, avoiding long hours of near work in the presence of accommodative lag may help prevent the onset and progression of myopia.

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“…Reductions in letter size and contrast, that students would typically make if photocopy reducing text, have minimal effects on accommodation accuracy in young adults . Similarly, only very small differences in the lag of accommodation were measured when children read either English or Chinese texts . Taylor et al .…”

Section: Updatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Refs. [21][22][23][24] We used a row of 6/9 letters as the target. Reductions in letter size and contrast, that students would typically make if photocopy reducing text, have minimal effects on accommodation accuracy in young adults.…”

Section: Updatementioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in the accommodation stimulus response curves of adult myopes and emmetropes: a summary and update

Schmid

Strang

2015

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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This paper has been often cited as evidence that accommodation responses at near may be primarily reduced in adults with progressing myopia and not in stable myopes and/or that challenging accommodation stimuli (negative lenses with monocular viewing) are required to generate larger accommodation errors. As an analogy, animals reared with hyperopic errors develop axial elongation and myopia. Retinal defocus signals are presumably passed to the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid and then ultimately the sclera to modify eye length. A number of lens treatments that act to slow myopia progression may partially work through reducing accommodation errors.

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Children’s Accommodation During Reading of Chinese and English Texts

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Assessment of near visual acuity in 0–13 year olds with normal and low vision: a systematic review

Assessment of near visual acuity in 0–13 year olds with normal and low vision: a systematic review

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Differences in the accommodation stimulus response curves of adult myopes and emmetropes: a summary and update

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