References 363Index 381
PrefaceThis book arises from the collaborative work of a group of international researchers who are members of the Centre for Models in Science and Technology: Research in Education (CMISTRE). Based at The University of Reading in the UK, the Centre has a widely scattered membership, i.e. currently also in Australia, Brazil, Israel, New Zealand, Netherlands.Information about its present work can be accessed via The University of Reading's web pages on http://www.rdg.ac.uk/~ems97pc/MISTRE.Formed in 1995, the first years of the group were spent in formulating a common language with which to talk about models and modelling and in negotiating the boundaries of the areas to be investigated. In this period of time the main themes which are addressed in this book started to be formulated, based on the interests and experiences of the collaborating members. All this was fuelled by academic visits by members to each others, by regular seminars where new papers and ideas were discussed, in conference symposia, both national and international, where these ideas were subjected to a wider audience and, more lately, by publications in journals. In most senses the Centre is typical of a research group in any field: a commitment by a group of academics to enquiry in a theme held in common. It might differ from many in two ways. First, it draws on the insights of a number of established disciplines: philosophy of science, historical studies of the development of science, the sociology and language of science, the psychology of the teaching and learning of science. Second, it has entailed a greater commitment to collaborative ways of working and to a reflection on the contextual nature of the understandings that are forged. Within the Centre, smaller sets of members often collaborate in particular areas of interest and expertise. This has given rise to the three main areas of interest that are reflected in the Sections of this book.Although the common language is presented in detail in Chapter I, it may be helpful to readers if the components of the framework and the agenda are summarised here. A model has been taken to be 'a representation of an idea, object, event, process, or system'. Mental modelling is defined as an activity undertaken by individuals, whether alone or within a group. The results of that activity can be expressed in the public domain through action, speech, writing or other symbolic form. Those expressed models-, as we term them, which gain social acceptance following testing by the community of professional scientists playa central role in the conduct of both research and development, becoming consensus models. Whilst those consensus models which are currently in use at the frontiers of science may be termed scientific vii Vlll Developing Models in Science Educationr models, those produced in specific historical contexts may be called historical models. Curricular models are those versions of consensus models which are included in science curricula. Teaching models are those developed ...