Chilli Anthracnose: A Review of Causal Organism, Resistance Source and Mapping of Gene

Abstract

Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and it is gaining much attention towards causes of damage in the field. Growing understanding has been based on conventional methods of characterisation of Colletotrichum species and its interaction with the host but it was not clear enough to recognise the differentiation among species, host-pathogen relationship and genetics of resistance in chilli. In this chapter, emphasis has been made on the evaluation of the isolates of Colletotrichum capsici causing chilli anthracnose for their morphological and cultural characteristics, pathogenic variability on chilli fruits and genetic diversity with the help of random amplified polymorphism (RAPD-PCR) analysis and designated into different major clusters. Simultaneously, screening of Capsicum genotypes against anthracnose for testing the resistance has been highlighted under in vitro condition. Further, on the basis of inheritance and the segregation ratio of resistance to susceptibility, gene controlling resistance at different fruit maturity stages has been discussed. More importantly, by QTL mapping, distribution of resistance gene/s located on chromosomes by using simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers, linkage groups are indicated. A number of complementary resistant component (host-parasitic interaction) controlled by one or multiple genes with small quantification effects have been emphasized. This information will be valuable to overcome the use of agrochemicals, impact of environmental factors and in the management of this serious threat to chilli through the development of resistant varieties as a donor candidate in commercial and resistance-breeding program.

Chilli Anthracnose: The Epidemiology and Management

“…India had been the largest producer and exporter of chilli, but since a few years the production has declined significantly and presently, India stands at the third number in terms of chilli production (FAOSTAT, 2012 ; Figure 3 ). An estimated annual loss of about 29.5%, amounting whopping figure of US$ 491.67 million has been reported from India alone (Garg et al, 2014 ). In India, a calculated loss of 10–54% has been reported in yield of the crop due to the anthracnose disease (Lakshmesha et al, 2005 ; Ramachandran and Rathnamma, 2006 ).…”

Plant growth promotion and chilli anthracnose disease suppression ability of rhizosphere soil actinobacteria

“…; Garg et al . ). This realization emphasizes the importance of biological control agents (BCAs) which are safe for human health as well as environment.…”

“…Besides being very costly, chemical fungicides are responsible for air, soil and water pollution. The destructive effects of the use of fungicides on farmers' health, economic status and toxic contamination of the environment, particularly in developing countries have already been reported (Voorrips et al 2004;Garg et al 2014). This realization emphasizes the importance of biological control agents (BCAs) which are safe for human health as well as environment.…”

Aktivitas Metabolit Sekunder Cendawan Endofit terhadap Colletotrichum acutatum pada Cabai Merah

“…Pada beberapa kasus, tanaman yang terinfeksi antraknosa pada saat sebelum dan setelah panen secara bersama-sama dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil lebih dari 50%. Keparahan penyakit antraknosa dapat bervariasi bergantung pada varietas yang ditanam dan kondisi cuaca pada suatu wilayah (Garg et al 2014).…”