Ekstrak tanaman dapat mempengaruhi fisiologi dan biokimia serangga yang meliputi penghambatan makan, asimilasi makanan, dan dan aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi, yaitu sitokrom b5 dan sitokrom P450. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh ekstrak campuran Tephrosia vogelii : Piper aduncum (1 : 5) terhadap fisiologi Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) dan pengaruh ekstrak P. aduncum terhadap biokimia C. pavonana. Pengujian ekstrak campuran T. vogelii : P. aduncum (1 : 5) pada konsentrasi 0,06% atau setara dengan LC 95 menghambat makan larva C. pavonana hingga 94,82%. Ekstrak campuran yang diuji pada LC 25 (0,007%) dan LC 50 (0,014%) menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan relatif larva C. pavonana. Gangguan ini disebabkan oleh toksisitas intrinsik ekstrak campuran yang masuk ke dalam tubuh serangga. Selain gangguan pada pertumbuhan larva uji, juga terjadi peningkatan daya cerna serangga sebesar 11,11% sebagai bentuk adaptasi terhadap senyawa toksik tumbuhan. Adaptasi lain yang dilakukan larva C. pavonana adalah mekanisme detoksifikasi terhadap ekstrak P. aduncum. Hal ini tampak dari peningkatan aktivitas enzim oksidasi sitokrom b5 dan sitokrom P450 pada perlakuan in vivo dan in vitro jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi mengenai cara kerja ekstrak campuran T. vogelii : P. aduncum (1 : 5) pada larva C. pavonana dan mekanisme detoksifikasi larva terhadap ekstrak P. aduncum. Key words: antifeedant, asimilasi, enzim, oksidasi, sitokrom ABSTRAKPlant extracts have been known to cause physiological and biochemical interferences against insect, such as feeding inhibitor, food assimilation, and changes on activity of cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P450. This study was carried out to examine the effect of the extracts mixture of Tephrosia vogeliiand : Piper aduncum (1 : 5) on the physiology of Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) as well as extract of P. aduncum on biochemical of C. pavonana. The study showed that larvae of C. pavonana was experiencing a feeding inhibition until 94.82% after treated with extracts mixture on concentration 0.06% or equivalent to LC 95 . However, larvae treated with extracts mixture on LC 25
Saat ini teknologi pengendalian hayati penyakit utama padi terus berkembang. Dalam pengembangan teknologi pengendalian hayati, mekanisme penghambatan patogen dalam perkembangan penyakit pada suatu populasi tumbuhan dalam area tertentu menjadi hal yang penting. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan bakteri agens hayati potensial dalam pengendalian penyakit penting padi di antaranya yang disebabkan Pyricularia oryzae, Xanthomnas oryzae pv. oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Burkholderia glumae, dan Drechlera oryzae, berdasarkan mekanisme antagonisme, kemampuan menginduksi ketahanan dan mendukung kebugaran tanaman, serta kompatibilitas antaragens hayati. Ralstonia pickettii TT47, Pseudomonas fluorescens P12, Chromobacterium sp. T51118, Bacillus subtilis 451 dan 154, serta Streptomyces sp. T51105 dibuktikan memiliki mekanisme antibiosis dengan menghasilkan metabolit sekunder dan senyawa volatil. Berdasarkan uji produksi enzim kitinolitik Chromobacterium sp. dan Streptomyces sp. memiliki mekanisme lisis. Aktivitas antibiotik R. pickettii dan P. fluorescens tergolong kuat terhadap P. oryzae dengan penekanan secara berurutan sebesar 79.68% dan 77.59% pada uji biakan ganda. Penekanan pertumbuhan miselium P. oryzae dan R. solani pada uji volatil mencapai 100% oleh Chromobacterium sp. Semua agens hayati umumnya mampu menginduksi ketahanan dan mendukung kebugaran tanaman. Uji kompatibilitas menunjukan R. pickettii, P. fluorescens, dan Chromobacterium sp. bersifat kompatibel. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh tiga bakteri agens hayati dengan kategori unggul, yaitu P. fluorescens P12, R. pickettii TT47, dan Chromobacterium sp. T51118. Ketiganya mampu menekan pertumbuhan patogen, menginduksi ketahanan dan mendukung kebugaran tanaman, memiliki patogen sasaran yang lebih beragam, serta bersifat kompatibel.
Abstract. Musyarofah N, Susanto S, Aziz SA, Suketi K, Dadang. 2020. The diversity of ‘kristal’ guava (Psidium guajava) fruit quality in response to different altitudes and cultural practices. Biodiversitas 21: 3310-3316. The current study aimed to compare the quality of ‘kristal’ guava fruit harvested from different altitudes under different cultural practices. The study was conducted from January to March 2019. Four treatments were examined, i.e., fruit from low altitude-intensive cultural (LI), low altitude-less intensive cultural (LI), middle altitude-intensive cultural (MI), and middle altitude-less intensive cultural (ML). All treatments were arranged in a completed randomized design and each treatment had five trees as replicates The findings of the study showed that there was a variation of fruit quality in response to different altitudes and cultural practices. The fruits harvested from low altitudes were significantly bigger and heavier than the fruits harvested from middle altitude, irrespective of cultural practices. With regard to fruit softness, the fruits from middle altitudes were crispier than fruits from the low altitude. The chemical qualities of the fruits, indicated by TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C, were better in guava orchard under intensive cultural practice than less intensive cultural practice. The intensive cultural practice also improved the guava fruit size as compared to the less intensive cultural practice. This finding may be attributed to pruning which is performed in intensive cultural practice. More beneficial metabolites for human health such as vitamin E and caryophyllene were found in fruit from low altitude.
<p>ABSTRAK<br />Helopeltis antonii merupakan salah satu hama pada tanaman kakao,<br />teh, dan jambu mete yang menyerang pucuk dan buah dengan menusukkan<br />stiletnya untuk mengisap cairan sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan.<br />Penelitian bertujuan menguji toksisitas ekstrak buah Piper retrofractum<br />(cabai jawa) terhadap imago, pengaruh konsentrasi subletal terhadap nimfa<br />keturunan, persistensi terhadap mortalitas dan oviposisi H. antonii.<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Toksikologi<br />Serangga, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Laboratorium Proteksi Tanaman,<br />Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Sukabumi, mulai Mei<br />2013 sampai April 2014. Buah mentimun digunakan sebagai inang<br />pengganti untuk perbanyakan serangga uji H. antonii di laboratorium dan<br />media pengujian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kematian imago H.<br />antonii, akibat perlakuan ekstrak P. retrofractum 0,05-0,3%, sudah terjadi<br />pada 24 jam setelah perlakuan (JSP). Sementara itu, pada 24 dan 48 JSP<br />terjadi penurunan tingkat kematian H. antonii. Setelah 48 JSP, hanya<br />terjadi sedikit peningkatan kematian H. antonii. LC 50 dan LC 95 ekstrak P.<br />retrofractum pada 120 JSP masing-masing 0,20 dan 0,49%. Jumlah nimfa<br />keturunan yang dihasilkan pada perlakuan subletal ekstrak P. retrofractum<br />0,203% (LC 50 ) lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 0,141%<br />(LC 25 ). Ekstrak P. retrofractum yang dipajankan di bawah sinar matahari<br />hingga 5 hari masih efektif terhadap imago (mortalitas 80%), tetapi tidak<br />efektif dalam menghambat peletakan telur H. antonii. Penghambatan<br />peletakan telur terhadap imago H. antonii pada perlakuan ekstrak P.<br />retrofractum 0,98% (2 × LC 95 ) yang dipajankan di bawah sinar matahari<br />selama 0 dan 1 hari, dengan indeks penghambatan oviposisi 22,7 dan<br />23,8%. Keefektifan ekstrak P. retrofractum perlu diuji di lapangan untuk<br />menilai kelayakan dalam pengendalian H. antonii.<br />Kata kunci: insektisida botani, mortalitas, oviposisi, persistensi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Helopeltis antonii is cocoa, tea, and cashew nuts important pest that<br />causes damage by sucking plant sap from shoots and nuts. This study was<br />conducted to test toxicity of Piper retrofractum fruit extract on adults,<br />sublethal effect on the production nymphal progeny, and persistence<br />against mortality and oviposition of H. antonii. This study was conducted<br />at The Fisiology and Insect Toxicology Laboratory, Plant Protection<br />Departement, Bogor Agricultural University and The Plant Protection<br />Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute<br />from Mey 2013 to April 2014. Cucumber was used as a host substitute for<br />rearing the test insect and as the testing medium. The results show that<br />adult mortality, due to the P. retrofractum leaf extract treatment 0.05-<br />0.3%, has occured at 24 hours after treatment (HAT). Meanwhile, H.<br />antonii mortality has decreased on 24 and 48 HAT. After 48 HAT, only a<br />slight increased in H. antonii mortality. LC 50 and LC 95 of P. retrofractum<br />extract at 120 HAT were 0.20 and 0.49%, respectively. The treatment at<br />sublethal concentrations (LC 25 and LC 50 ) markedly decreased nymphal<br />progeny number. P. retrofractum extract suspensions at LC 95 and 2 × LC 95<br />exposed under sunlight for 5 days were still effective against H. antonii<br />adults (80% mortality), but were not effective in females inhibiting<br />oviposition. The oviposition inhibiting activity was observed only in the<br />treatment with P. retrofractum extract at 2 × LC 95 exposed under sunlight<br />for 0 and 1 day in which the oviposition deterrency indices were 22.7 and<br />23.8% respectively. <br />Key words: botanical insecticides, mortality, oviposition, persistence</p>
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