Chloroplast Origins and Evolution

Douglas, Susan E.

doi:10.1007/0-306-48205-3_5

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Chloroplasts are thought to have derived from a cyanobacterium ancestor by endosymbiosis (Margulis, 1975). During evolution, most of the prokaryotic genome of the ancestral cyanobacterium has been lost or transferred to the eukaryotic nuclear genome of the host cell (Douglas, 1994). Depending on the plant species, chloroplast genomes now contain between 87 and 183 known genes, around half of which encode components of the chloroplast translational machinery (Sugiura et al ., 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

et al. 2002

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SummaryChloroplast biogenesis is a complex process that requires close co-ordination between two genomes. Many of the proteins that accumulate in the chloroplast are encoded by the nuclear genome, and the developmental transition from proplastid to chloroplast is regulated by nuclear genes. Here we show that a pair of Golden 2-like (GLK) genes regulates chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. The GLK proteins are members of the GARP superfamily of transcription factors, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the maize, rice and Arabidopsis GLK gene pairs comprise a distinct group within the GARP superfamily. Further phylogenetic analysis suggests that the gene pairs arose through separate duplication events in the monocot and dicot lineages. As in rice, AtGLK1 and AtGLK2 are expressed in partially overlapping domains in photosynthetic tissue. Insertion mutants demonstrate that this expression pattern re¯ects a degree of functional redundancy as single mutants display normal phenotypes in most photosynthetic tissues. However, double mutants are pale green in all photosynthetic tissues and chloroplasts exhibit a reduction in granal thylakoids. Products of several genes involved in light harvesting also accumulate at reduced levels in double mutant chloroplasts. GLK genes therefore regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

et al. 2002

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“…This requires confirmation by in vivo or in vitro measurement of polymerase 6 or t activity. The involvement of PCNA in chloroplastic DNA synthesis would be interesting, because the chloroplast is of prokaryotic origin (for review, see Douglas 1994). No PCNA has been reported for cyanobacteria, the ancestor of eukaryotic plastids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: THE CELL CYCLE OF ETHMODISCUS REX (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA¹

Lin

Carpenter

1995

Journal of Phycology

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Ethmodiscus spp. is an important contributor to oceanic tropical‐ooze sediments and thus might be an important transport vehicle of carbon from the ocean surface to sediments. The knowledge of its cell cycle and growth rate, which is still lacking, is necessary to evaluate the importance of Ethmodiscus in nutrient cycling and to solve the discrepancy between its high sedimentary abundance and rarity in the plankton. We used immunofluorescence of a cell cycle protein, prolqerating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and DNA‐specific staining to study the progression of the cell cycle and roughly estimate the growth rate for E. rex (Rattray) Wiseman and Hendey in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in June 1994 and January 1995. During the cell division cycle, the chloroplasts appeared to synthesize DNA before the nucleus (S phase). Following the S phase, the nucleus moved from one end of the cell toward the center underneath the midline of the girdle band (G2 phase) where it divided (M phase). During a very brief period, the parent cell split and moved apart from the girdle midline, and two new valves were produced (late M phase). The two daughter nuclei apparently remained attached at the joint of the two newly produced valves, where they appeared to be responsible for coordinating the symmetrical formation of the new valves. The morphologically complete daughter cells remained joined for a short period of time before separating into solitary cells whose nucleus was located at one end of the cell. Derived from the phase fraction curves, the duration of the cell cycle phases decreased in the order from G1, S, G2, to M. A conservative estimate of the growth rate in the study area obtained by using PCNA immunostaining was 0.39–0.46 d−1 in June and 0.15 d−1 in January. The validity and implication of the growth rate estimates are discussed.

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“…Most of the mesophilic non-seaweed red algae have ptDNAs with a quadripartite organization defined by inverted repeats (IRs) that contain the rRNA gene operon (see Table 1). However, unlike the quadripartite organization of some red algal and most green plant and secondary red algal ptDNAs (e.g., see [4,15]), these IRs are divergent relative to the small single-copy (SSC) region ( Figure S4 on Mendeley Data). Remarkably, the SSCs of rhodellophyceans are quite small, being only 402-457 bp long and containing no genes at all ( Table 1).…”

Section: New Red Algal Genomes Reveal High Phylogenetic Divergence Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Red Algal Subphylum Proteorhodophytina Comprises the Largest and Most Divergent Plastid Genomes Known

et al. 2017

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Red algal plastid genomes are often considered ancestral and evolutionarily stable, and thus more closely resembling the last common ancestral plastid genome of all photosynthetic eukaryotes [1, 2]. However, sampling of red algal diversity is still quite limited (e.g., [2-5]). We aimed to remedy this problem. To this end, we sequenced six new plastid genomes from four undersampled and phylogenetically disparate red algal classes (Porphyridiophyceae, Stylonematophyceae, Compsopogonophyceae, and Rhodellophyceae) and discovered an unprecedented degree of genomic diversity among them. These genomes are rich in introns, enlarged intergenic regions, and transposable elements (in the rhodellophycean Bulboplastis apyrenoidosa), and include the largest and most intron-rich plastid genomes ever sequenced (that of the rhodellophycean Corynoplastis japonica; 1.13 Mbp). Sophisticated phylogenetic analyses accounting for compositional heterogeneity show that these four "basal" red algal classes form a larger monophyletic group, Proteorhodophytina subphylum nov., and confidently resolve the large-scale relationships in the Rhodophyta. Our analyses also suggest that secondary red plastids originated before the diversification of all mesophilic red algae. Our genomic survey has challenged the current paradigmatic view of red algal plastid genomes as "living fossils" [1, 2, 6] by revealing an astonishing degree of divergence in size, organization, and non-coding DNA content. A closer look at red algae shows that they comprise the most ancestral (e.g., [2, 7, 8]) as well as some of the most divergent plastid genomes known.

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Chloroplast Origins and Evolution

Cited by 13 publications

References 169 publications

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: THE CELL CYCLE OF ETHMODISCUS REX (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA¹

The New Red Algal Subphylum Proteorhodophytina Comprises the Largest and Most Divergent Plastid Genomes Known

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Chloroplast Origins and Evolution

Cited by 13 publications

References 169 publications

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: THE CELL CYCLE OF ETHMODISCUS REX (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA1

The New Red Algal Subphylum Proteorhodophytina Comprises the Largest and Most Divergent Plastid Genomes Known

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GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: THE CELL CYCLE OF ETHMODISCUS REX (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA¹