Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Male Control in Washington State (USA) Apple Orchards Treated with Different Source Densities of Several Attracticide Formulations

Abstract

Control de machos de A B S T R A C TThis is the first report on attracticides loaded with 1.6 or 16% pheromone, with or without 6% permethrin, tested for Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott male control. Different densities of attracticide sources (750-3,600 droplets ha -1 ) homogeneously applied on the canopy were compared in apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards. Before attracticide application, no differences in male captures using pheromone baited trap were observed. Afterwards, a significant reduction of captures occurred along with the increasing pheromone concentration, when larger density sources were used. The addition of permethrin into the attracticide formulation, however, did not significantly improve the reduction of males. Overall, these results suggest that mating disruption or other mechanism, instead of the killing effect attributed to attracticides, controlled males. It is suggested to test the attracticide formulation matrix reported as an alternative to the current ones used for mating disruption. R E S U M E NEste es el primer informe del control de machos de Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) y Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott con atracticidas que contengan 1,6 ó 16% de feromona, con o sin permetrina al 6%. Se compararon diferentes densidades de atracticidas (750-3.600 gotas ha -1 ), aplicadas homogéneamente en la copa de los manzanos (Malus pumila Mill.). Antes de los tratamientos no se observaron diferencias estadísticas en las capturas en trampas cebadas con feromona. Después de aplicar los tratamientos, se observó una reducción significativa en las capturas, al usar mayores concentraciones de feromona y mayores densidades de gotas por hectárea. La incorporación de permetrina en la formulación atracticida no mejoró su actividad en el control de machos. En general, los resultados sugieren que un efecto similar a la confusión de cópula, en lugar de un efecto letal atribuible al atracticida, o bien otro mecanismo, controló a los machos de estas especies. La matriz grasosa usada en la formulación atracticida se sugiere como una alternativa para ser probada respecto de las formulaciones actualmente usadas para confusión de cópula.Palabras clave: atracticidas, Choristoneura rosaceana, Pandemis pyrusana, permetrina, concentración de feromona, densidad de fuentes, confusión de cópula.

An attempt to control Cameraria ohridella using an attract-and-kill technique

“…Usually, A&K gel is applied in orchards or plantations at rates from a few hundred to a few thousand droplets per ha (Charmillot and Hofer 1997 ; Hofer and Brassel 1992 ; Ioriatti and Angeli 2002 ; Sukovata et al 2004 ; Weihman and Liburd 2006 ). However, some studies revealed no difference between formulations with and without insecticides at either low or high droplet density (Curkovic and Brunner 2007 ; Evenden and McLaughlin 2004 ; Sukovata et al 2004 ), suggesting that the mechanism of A&K action is by disruption of male moth orientation, and not by removal of males due to insecticide poisoning. Evenden and McLaughlin ( 2004 ) showed that the effectiveness of an attracticide would depend on the competition provided by natural sources of pheromones.…”

Field and Laboratory Responses of Male Leaf Roller Moths,Choristoneura rosaceanaandPandemis pyrusana, to Pheromone Concentrations in an Attracticide Paste Formulation

“…Field demonstrations of reductions of pest populations with attracticides have been reported for several species of tortricid moths, e.g. Chonstoneura rosaceana ( Curkovic and Brunner 2007 ), Cydia molesta ( Evenden and McLaughlin 2005 ), C. pomonella ( Charmillot et al 1996 ), Epiphyas postvittana ( Suckling and Brockerhoff 1999 ), and Pandemis pyrusana ( Curkovic and Brunner 2007 ).…”

Toxicity of Field-Aged Permethrin-Loaded Attracticides on Choristoneura rosaceana (HARRIS) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Adult Males and Females

“…Attracticides containing killing agents have been reported for several tree fruit pest tortricids, e.g. Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Suckling and Brockerhoff, 1999), Cydia pomonella (L.) (Charmillot et al, 2000;Curkovic and Brunner, 2003), Cydia molesta (Busck) (Evenden and McLaughlin, 2005), and C. rosaceana and P. pyrusana (Curkovic and Brunner, 2007). This pest control technique relies on point source applications (Krupke et al, 2002), and its efficacy depends on males contacting the source (Curkovic and Brunner, 2005).…”