Chromosome Numbers of Some North American Salix

Suda, Yutaka; Argus, George W.

doi:10.2307/2805440

Cited by 39 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Subsequent thorough morphological examination of the herbarium specimen confirmed that the accession amy022 is a hybrid S. × rubens, thus explaining its close clustering with S. fragilis. Moreover, the ploidy analysis showed amy0022 to be tetraploid, whereas S. amygdaloides is a diploid species [55]. S. amygdaloides also shows a poor response to coppicing [50], but amy0022 in the NWC shows good regrowth after annual cut-back.…”

Section: Salix Triandra and Subgenus Salixmentioning

confidence: 95%

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A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species

et al. 2008

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Genetic relationships among 154 genotypes, including 50 species, held within the UK National Willow Collection were analysed using nine primer combinations in an optimised fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP®) protocol. The AFLP® data resolved relationships at all levels, from discriminating between closely related accessions to differentiating among majority of species, sections and subgenera. The neighbourjoining dendrogram split accessions into three major wellsupported clusters, two of which comprised species of the subgenera Vetrix and Salix. Surprisingly, the third (98% bootstrap support) comprised only Salix triandra accessions. The genetic similarity (GS) between S. triandra and Salix or Vetrix was similar (0.39 and 0.40, respectively) and greater than the genetic similarity between Salix and Vetrix (GS=0.57). Separate clustering of S. triandra is also supported by hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), that partitioned 31.4% of the total variance between these three groups, whereas only 16.3% was partitioned between the two subgenera. These results challenge all current classifications which assign S. triandra to subgenus Salix. Principal coordinate analysis gave corresponding results and facilitated interpretation of relationships among species within sections of the two subgenera, which are discussed. The study included 40 species which have been used in breeding, and the findings will facilitate the choice of parents and interpretation of the results of different crosses, on the basis of more accurate knowledge of genetic relationships. AFLPs® also detected identical genotypes (within the limits of AFLP® error) which should not be used as distinct parents in breeding programmes.

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Section: Salix Triandra and Subgenus Salixmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…baskets, cricket bats, hurdles) since 1800 [30,55]. The genus is distributed over wide ecological and climatic zones ranging easterly from North America to China, excluding Australasia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species

et al. 2008

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“…The basic chromosome number in the genus is 19. The ploidy levels range from diploid (2n = 38) to dodecaploid (2n = 228) (Håkansson 1955;Suda and Argus 1968). Therefore, chromosome numbers have been useful in recognizing the parentage of some hybrid crosses involving species with different ploidy levels (Salix spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear DNA amount in pure species and hybrid willows (Salix): a flow cytometric investigation

Thibault¹

1998

Can. J. Bot.

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Flow cytometry (FCM) has been used to estimate the nuclear DNA content of 11 Salix species and 5 hybrids. One hundred and sixty nine individuals were studied including 159 individuals from a sequence of 32 communities along a stretch of river in France and 10 individuals from French and English collections for comparison. Isolated nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. FCM was a significantly more practical and rapid technique than that of establishing the karyotype to survey many samples of Salix for variation in ploidy. The 2C DNA amounts for diploid species ranged from 0.76 to 0.98 pg, and tetraploid values ranged from 1.62 to 1.80 pg. The DNA values were consistent with the known ploidy levels. With the exception of a doubtful Salix ×quercifolia, ploidy levels and DNA amounts of hybrids were intermediate compared with those of their parents. Intraspecific variation of nuclear DNA values including instrumental variation was low (i.e., 6-11% at the same ploidy level). FCM appeared to be an accurate tool for determination of Salix triploid hybrids. However, it remains limited concerning hybrids from crosses between species of the same ploidy level. Results suggest that natural hybridization might not be frequent in the communities studied, although they have been subject to disturbance. Previous overestimates of hybridization frequency in willows were probably due to misinterpretation of the effects of the environment on Salix spp. morphology; however, the extent and mechanisms of introgression in the genus remain to be further investigated.Résumé : La cytométrie en flux (CMF) a été utilisée pour estimer la quantité d'ADN nucléaire de 11 espèces de Salix et 5 hybrides. Cent soixante neuf individus ont été étudiés dont 159 issus de 32 peuplements établis le long d'une section de rivière française et 10 originaires de deux collections française et anglaise analysés à titre de comparaison. Les noyaux ont été isolés et colorés à l'iodure de propidium. La CMF était une technique significativement plus pratique et plus rapide que l'établissement des caryotypes pour l'étude des variations de ploïdie de plusieurs échantillons de Salix. Les quantités 2C d'ADN variaient de 0,76 à 0,98 pg pour les espèces diploïdes et de 1,62 à 1,80 pg pour les tétraploïdes. Les valeurs d'ADN et les niveaux de ploïdie concordaient. À l'exception d'un Salix ×quercifolia douteux, les niveaux de ploïdie et les quantités d'ADN des hybrides étaient intermédiaires comparés à ceux de leurs parents. Incluant les variations expérimentales, les variations intraspécifiques des valeurs d'ADN étaient faibles (i.e., 6-11% dans un même niveau de ploïdie). La CMF est apparue être un outil précis pour la détermination des hybrides triploïdes, mais elle reste limitée en ce qui concerne les hybrides issus d'un croisement entre espèces de même niveau de ploïdie. Les résultats suggèrent que l'hybridation naturelle n'est pas fréquente dans les peuplements étudiés et ce malgré les perturbations auxquelles ils sont soumis. Les précédentes sur-estimations de ...

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“…Genetic improvement of all these traits can be based on broad natural genetic resources represented by more than 400 species in the genus Salix. More than 200 species have hybrid origins, and ploidy levels vary from diploid up to dodecaploid (Suda and Argus, 1968;Newsholme, 1992). In addition to molecular marker-assisted clone selection, intraspecific and interspecific crosses have been shown to further extend genetic variability in breeding programs for biomass yield (Karp et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Response of Organ Structure and Physiology to Autotetraploidization in Early Development of Energy Willow Salix viminalis

et al. 2016

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The biomass productivity of the energy willow Salix viminalis as a short-rotation woody crop depends on organ structure and functions that are under the control of genome size. Colchicine treatment of axillary buds resulted in a set of autotetraploid S. viminalis var. Energo genotypes (polyploid Energo [PP-E]; 2n = 4x = 76) with variation in the green pixel-based shoot surface area. In cases where increased shoot biomass was observed, it was primarily derived from larger leaf size and wider stem diameter. Autotetraploidy slowed primary growth and increased shoot diameter (a parameter of secondary growth). The duplicated genome size enlarged bark and wood layers in twigs sampled in the field. The PP-E plants developed wider leaves with thicker midrib and enlarged palisade parenchyma cells. Autotetraploid leaves contained significantly increased amounts of active gibberellins, cytokinins, salicylic acid, and jasmonate compared with diploid individuals. Greater net photosynthetic CO 2 uptake was detected in leaves of PP-E plants with increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Improved photosynthetic functions in tetraploids were also shown by more efficient electron transport rates of photosystems I and II. Autotetraploidization increased the biomass of the root system of PP-E plants relative to diploids. Sections of tetraploid roots showed thickening with enlarged cortex cells. Elevated amounts of indole acetic acid, active cytokinins, active gibberellin, and salicylic acid were detected in the root tips of these plants. The presented variation in traits of tetraploid willow genotypes provides a basis to use autopolyploidization as a chromosome engineering technique to alter the organ development of energy plants in order to improve biomass productivity.

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Chromosome Numbers of Some North American Salix

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species

A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species

Nuclear DNA amount in pure species and hybrid willows (Salix): a flow cytometric investigation

Response of Organ Structure and Physiology to Autotetraploidization in Early Development of Energy Willow Salix viminalis

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