Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14000 cases and 32000 controls in the United Kingdom

Parish, Sarah; Collins, Rory; Pető, Richárd; Youngman, Linda; Barton, Joanne; Jayne, Kathy; Clarke, Rachel; Appleby, PN; Lyon, Valerie B.; Cederholm‐Williams, S.A.

doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7003.471

Cited by 175 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The association was stronger in younger individuals than in older individuals. These results were consistent with those of previous studies, which demonstrated that the effect of most cardiovascular risk factors on cardiovascular diseases was stronger in younger than in older individuals (39,40). The effect of H. pylori infection on CAD This meta-analysis demonstrated that H. pylori infection was associated with the risk of CAD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis

Yang

Feng

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality globally. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of CAD are not fully understood. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to estimate the association between the risk of CAD and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. A literature search was performed to identify eligible studies published prior to August 14, 2014. Fixed or random effect meta-analytical methods were used to pool the data and perform the subgroup analyses. The effect measures estimated were the odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous data reported with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Of the 109 studies identified using the search parameters, 26 cross-sectional studies were eligible involving 3,901 CAD patients and 2,751 controls. H. pylori infection was associated with an increased risk of CAD (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.47-2.63, P<0.00001). When the adjusted ORs were used to conduct another meta-analysis, the OR value decreased, but the association remained significant (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.09-1.86, P=0.008). The association between H. pylori infection and CAD risk was stronger in younger individuals than in older individuals (OR: 2.36, 95% CI 1.50-3.73 vs. OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.19-2.11). A significant association was observed in studies from Europe (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.54-2.88, P=0.01) and the USA (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.08-1.91, P=0.36). There is a potential association between H. pylori infection and the risk of CAD. The association may be influenced by age and ethnicity. IntroductionCoronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease, is a leading cause of mortality globally. It is reported to have caused 7.4 million mortalities (13.2% of all deaths) in 2012 worldwide (1). The etiology and pathogenesis of CAD are not fully understood. The common risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, serum lipids, family history and socioeconomic status, do not fully account for all cases (2). Chronic infections, including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, are assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of CAD (3).H. pylori is a gram-negative bacterium infecting more than half the world's population (4). The infection results in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer (5).It is also associated with extra-gastrointestinal conditions, including diabetes mellitus and stroke (6,7). Previous studies have focused on the association between H. pylori infection and the risk of CAD. However, the role of H. pylori in CAD remains unclear (8,9).Studies in which the potential association between H. pylori infection and CAD has been investigated have shown conflicting results. In the majority of studies, CAD was diagnosed using clinical questionnaires or on the basis of abnormalities on electrocardiograms. As patients with other diseases may also present with chest pain syndromes similar to CAD, these diagnostic methods would result i...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis

Yang

Feng

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…The importance of modifying risk factors is supported by data from randomized trials or persuasive evidence of causality from observational studies. [21][22][23][24][25][26] We and other investigators showed that a pill that combines a statin, antihypertensive therapy, and aspirin together with avoidance of smoking, could potentially reduce the patient risk of developing AMI in Japan. 27,28 Lifestyle modification has been shown to be important in other countries for reducing the risk of AMI, and the present study suggests that lifestyle modification is also important in Japanese men and women of all ages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences of Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japanese Patients

Kawano

Soejima

Kojima

et al. 2006

Circ J

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“…After adjustment for current smoking, as defined by serum cotinine, 9 the risks of lung cancer associated with IgG and IgA antibodies and immune complexes to C. pneumoniae were moderately elevated risk of female lung cancer (OR ϭ 1.7, 1.6 and 1.8, respectively, Table I). With the alternative cutoff levels, the point estimates slightly increased (OR ϭ 2.1, 2.1 and 2.2) and all reached statistical significance (Table I).…”

Section: Dear Sirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and the risk of female early‐onset lung cancer

Anttila

Koskela²,

Leinonen³

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14000 cases and 32000 controls in the United Kingdom

Cited by 175 publications

References 22 publications

Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis

Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis

Sex Differences of Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japanese Patients

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and the risk of female early‐onset lung cancer

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