Cigarette-specific disgust aroused by smoking warning images strengthens smokers’ inhibitory control under smoking-related background in Go/NoGo task

Changes in inhibitory control, craving and affect after yoga vs. aerobic exercise among smokers with nicotine dependence

“…The behavioral outcomes of the cognitive task demonstrated that participants were more accurate on Smoking-Go than on Smoking-Nogo tasks, while they were more accurate on Neutral-Nogo than on Neutral-Go tasks. Consistent with previous studies on inhibitory control among smokers, in which more execution errors (i.e., executing a response to a Nogo target) were observed in smoking-related backgrounds than in neutral backgrounds (32), the participants in the present study also exhibited deficits in suppressing responses to smokingrelated cues as compared to neutral cues (33). Reportedly, substance abusers have impaired cognitive control function and demonstrate a greater level of attention toward substancerelated cues (19,34).…”

Effects of Smoking Social Cues on Inhibitory Control in Smokers: An Event-Related Potential Study

“…The inclusion criteria for smokers were (a) smoking daily and (b) not currently enrolled in a treatment or program. Smokers were asked to abstain from smoking for two hours before participating in the experiment to avoid floor or ceiling effects from the urge to smoke during the task ( Li et al, 2021 ). We conducted a priori power analysis with G*Power 3.1.9.2.…”

“…Participants were tested individually and seated in a pleasantly-lit testing room where they completed questionnaires about demographic information. Subsequently, a Go/NoGo task, adapted from Li et al (2021) was performed, in which the backgrounds were continuously presented on screen for the duration of the task (see Figure 1 ). During the Go/NoGo task, we instructed participants to respond by making a keypress as fast and accurately as possible when the letter M (Go trials) was presented and to refrain from pressing the button when the letter W (NoGo trials) was presented.…”

“…Thus, when smokers are exposed to smoking-related cues, their inhibitory control is further reduced, resulting in increased cravings and smoking behaviors. To support these theoretical assumptions and demonstrate the weakening effect of smoking-related cues on inhibitory control, researchers have used modified Go/NoGo tasks to investigate whether inhibitory control is weaker in smoking-related contexts than in neutral contexts among smokers ( Detandt et al, 2017 ; Kräplin et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Luijten, 2016 ; Luijten et al, 2011 ; Tsegaye et al, 2021 ; Wilcockson et al, 2021 ). In modified Go/NoGo tasks, participants respond to “Go” or “NoGo” signals in a drug-related context (i.e., exposed to a lighting cigarette) or neutral context (i.e., exposed to a toothbrush).…”

“…In modified Go/NoGo tasks, participants respond to “Go” or “NoGo” signals in a drug-related context (i.e., exposed to a lighting cigarette) or neutral context (i.e., exposed to a toothbrush). Some behavioral studies have shown that smokers have shorter Go reaction times (RTs) and more NoGo response errors in smoking-related contexts than in neutral contexts ( Li et al, 2021 ; Tsegaye et al, 2021 ). However, some behavioral evidence has not shown that impairment of inhibitory control in smokers is more pronounced under smoking-related backgrounds ( Kräplin et al, 2019 ; Wilcockson et al, 2021 ).…”