Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men

Patterson, Stephen D.; Leggate, Melanie; Nimmo, Myra A.; Ferguson, Richard A.

doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2479-5

Cited by 66 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, while serum IGF-1 increased immediately following resistance exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia, there were no significant differences between conditions [15]. This is in agreement with previous BFR research, where GH response is typically augmented following resistance exercise with BFR, while the IGF-1 response appears equivocal [51,55]. Similarly, whilst serum testosterone levels were significantly increased following resistance exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia, no significant differences were found between conditions [15,16].…”

Section: Hormonal Responsessupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, despite noting enhanced GH responses following low-intensity (20% 1RM) resistance exercise with BFR, neither Fujita et al [51] or Patterson et al [55] observed concomitant increases in IGF-1. This discrepancy may be explained by the different time course of change in GH and IGF-1 [57], with peaks in IGF-1 typically occurring at 16-28 hours following GH release [57,61].…”

Section: Hormonal Responsesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Generally, investigations have reported an augmented hormonal response to performing resistance exercise under BFR conditions [8,15,16,52]. Several researchers have reported significantly greater plasma GH concentrations following resistance exercise with BFR than without [8,18,26,50,52,55]. In their seminal study, Takarada et al [8] reported GH elevations of ~290 times greater than baseline after BFR trials, without any significant increase in the control group exercising without BFR.…”

Section: Hormonal Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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It is generally believed that optimal hypertrophic and strength gains are induced through moderate-or high-intensity resistance training, equivalent at least 60% of an individual's 1-repetition maximum (1RM). However, recent evidence suggests that similar adaptations are facilitated when low-intensity resistance exercise (~20-50% 1RM) is combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the working muscles. Although the mechanisms underpinning these responses are not yet firmly established, it appears that localized hypoxia created by BFR may provide an anabolic stimulus by enhancing the metabolic and endocrine response, and increase cellular swelling and signalling function following resistance exercise. Moreover, BFR has also been demonstrated to increase type II muscle fibre recruitment during exercise.However, inappropriate implementation of BFR can result in detrimental effects, including petechial haemorrhage and dizziness. Further, as BFR is limited to the limbs, the muscles of the trunk are unable to be trained under localized hypoxia. More recently, the use of systemic hypoxia via hypoxic chambers and devices has been investigated as a novel way to stimulate similar physiological responses to resistance training as BFR techniques. While little evidence is available, reports indicate that beneficial adaptations, similar to those induced by BFR, are possible using these methods. The use of systemic hypoxia allows large groups to train concurrently within a hypoxic chamber using multi-joint exercises. However, further scientific research is required to fully understand the mechanisms that cause augmented muscular changes during resistance exercise with a localized or systemic hypoxic stimulus.3

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Section: Hormonal Responsessupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Hormonal Responsesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Hormonal Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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“…Previous studies have shown that metabolic stress induced by low-intensity plus BFRT increases GH secretion and muscle hypertrophy[64,65,78], furthermore, this could stimulate metabolic stress markers, such as IL-6[79,80]. The recovery process is initiated by IL-6 by modulating muscle regulatory genes ( i.e ., MyoD)[81-83] and activating muscle satellite cells[80], and therefore may play a role in regulating muscle growth/hypertrophy[80].…”

Section: Low-intensity Resistance Training Plus Blood Flow Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: Practical applications

Freitas¹,

Gerosa-Neto²,

Zanchi³

et al. 2017

WJM

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Metabolic stress is a physiological process that occurs during exercise in response to low energy that leads to metabolite accumulation [lactate, phosphate inorganic (Pi) and ions of hydrogen (H+)] in muscle cells. Traditional exercise protocol (i.e., Resistance training) has an important impact on the increase of metabolite accumulation, which influences hormonal release, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell swelling. Changes in acute exercise routines, such as intensity, volume and rest between sets, are determinants for the magnitude of metabolic stress, furthermore, different types of training, such as low-intensity resistance training plus blood flow restriction and high intensity interval training, could be used to maximize metabolic stress during exercise. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe practical applications that induce metabolic stress and the potential effects of metabolic stress to increase systemic hormonal release, hypoxia, ROS production, cell swelling and muscle adaptations.

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“…Therefore, it has become an enigma as to why these effects are observed despite the low-intensity nature of BFR exercise not typically associated with gains in muscle mass. More recent studies have focused on the cellular events that underlie the mechanisms responsible for muscle hypertrophy as a result of BFR exercise, including myogenic and proteolytic markers (25), correlational evidence of cell signaling pathways (17,18,20,26), rates of muscle protein synthesis (17,18,20), hormonal responses (17,18,29), and satellite cell activation (27,35). However, despite this recent research focus, a clear mechanistic explanation for how BFR exercise increases muscle cell size is unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%