Circulatory Effects of Modern Inhalation Anesthetic Agents

Smith, N. Ty; Smith, Penelope Cave

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65055-0_8

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 284 publications

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“…The first point chosen for measurements during anesthesia represented the maximal decline in arterial blood pressure, which occurred 5-15 minutes after the desired end-tidal concentration had been reached and was designated the early response. The next point, 20 minutes after the desired end-tidal concentration had been established, was designated the steadystate response, since it is known that halothane has equilibrated in the central nervous system at this point (4,35,36). A midpoint was chosen which occurred 45 minutes after the early response.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This controversy has resulted in part because the response to halothane appears to depend on the drug's concentration (1)(2)(3)(4), the duration of its administration (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), and the precision and extent to which ventilation is controlled (3,4). Moreover, many earlier studies of the drug's effects have been conducted in isolated muscle (4,(6)(7)(8)(9) or in previously anesthetized preparations (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) in which the control state has been altered by the general anesthetic's effects on the cardiovascular system. General anesthesia alters the normal responses of the myocardium and the regional circulations to a variety of physiological interventions and pharmacologic agents (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) and thus might affect the normal reactions to another pharmacologic agent, halothane.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…General anesthesia alters the normal responses of the myocardium and the regional circulations to a variety of physiological interventions and pharmacologic agents (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) and thus might affect the normal reactions to another pharmacologic agent, halothane. Prior studies using conscious animals and man as controls have been limited by the inability to measure regional flows directly and continuously (4,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Furthermore, in these studies the interpretation of control values has been complicated by the failure to give 100% oxygen (O 2 ) during the control periods (4, 23-27) (c\en though O 2 was administered with halothane), or by the addition of a preanesthetic or nitrous oxide (4,(24)(25)(26)(27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior studies using conscious animals and man as controls have been limited by the inability to measure regional flows directly and continuously (4,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Furthermore, in these studies the interpretation of control values has been complicated by the failure to give 100% oxygen (O 2 ) during the control periods (4, 23-27) (c\en though O 2 was administered with halothane), or by the addition of a preanesthetic or nitrous oxide (4,(24)(25)(26)(27). Nitrous oxide, although a weak anesthetic agent, can have a profound effect on the pharmacologic pattern of other agents (4,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Halothane on Left Ventricular Function and Distribution of Regional Blood Flow in Dogs and Primates

Vatner

Smith

1974

Circulation Research

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Left ventricular and regional vascular effects of halothane were assessed in dogs and primates in which coronary, mesenteric, renal, and iliac blood flows, arterial blood pressure, left ventricular diameter and pressure, dD/dt (i.e., the velocity of myocardial fiber shortening), and dP/dt were continuously measured in the control resting state, while the conscious animals were breathing O 2 , and during halothane-O 2 anesthesia maintained at 1% or at 2% for 90 minutes (separate experimental days). Halothane caused a concentration-dependent depression of myocardial contractility: (dP/dt)/P fell 68 ± 5% during 2% halothane anesthesia and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter rose. Halothane also caused a redistribution of regional blood flows. At a concentration of 1% halothane, the most intense vasodilatation occurred in the renal bed (renal resistance fell 46 ± 5%), but mesenteric resistance rose (42 ± 15%). With 1% halothane regional vascular resistances tended to rise with time, but with 2% halothane regional blood flows rose with time. A direct vasodilating action of halothane was observed following direct intra-arterial injection of the drug. Probably this action was responsible for the renal and iliac vasodilatations and for the opposition to the metabolically induced vasoconstriction in the coronary bed. Thus, the administration of the most commonly employed potent inhalation anesthetic, halothane, substantially alters myocardial contractility and regional blood flows and resistances. These effects are, in many instances, a function of the concentration of the anesthetic and the duration of its administration. KEY WORDSanesthesia renal flow mesenteric flow iliac flow myocardial contractility baboon chimpanzee

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Halothane on Left Ventricular Function and Distribution of Regional Blood Flow in Dogs and Primates

Vatner

Smith

1974

Circulation Research

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“…In reality, cardiac output and ventilation are dependent on the level of anesthesia. Recently, a considerable amount of quantitative data about regional blood flow has become available under different steady state levels of halothane anesthesia (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple model approach to uptake and distribution of halothane: The use of an analog computer

Zwart¹,

Smith²,

Beneken³

1972

Computers and Biomedical Research

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This paper describes a multiple analog computer model of the uptake and distribution of the anesthetic agent halothane. The model consists of two interdependent loops, one representing the blood circulation and another representing the halothane transport. Cardiac output and regional conductances are influenced in relation to the concentration of halothane in some relevant compartment of the model. Computer generated curves are given to show the response of alveolar concentration, arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow to step and pulse changes in inspired concentration. For evaluation of the model, other variables than alveolar concentration, such as, arterial pressure and blood flow may often be more useful. The present model will be used to develop an automatic control system for the administration of anesthesia.

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Changes in Systolic Time Intervals During Halothane, Enflurane, or Isoflurane Anesthesia in Healthy Man

Smith¹,

Calverley²,

Eger³

et al. 1980

International Boehringer Mannheim Symposia

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Circulatory Effects of Modern Inhalation Anesthetic Agents

Cited by 11 publications

References 284 publications

Effects of Halothane on Left Ventricular Function and Distribution of Regional Blood Flow in Dogs and Primates

Effects of Halothane on Left Ventricular Function and Distribution of Regional Blood Flow in Dogs and Primates

Multiple model approach to uptake and distribution of halothane: The use of an analog computer

Changes in Systolic Time Intervals During Halothane, Enflurane, or Isoflurane Anesthesia in Healthy Man

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