Citrus Leaf Chlorosis Induced by Sink Removal: Starch, Nitrogen, and Chloroplast Ultrastructure

Schaffer, Arthur A.; Liu, Kang-Chien; Goldschmidt, Eliezer E.; Boyer, Charles D.; Gören, R.

doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(86)80183-3

Cited by 90 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As a consequence, membrane integrity was conserved ( Figure 5), and this could be considered to be circumstantial evidence that starch accumulation in the chloroplast was not the primary cause of the lower photosynthetic rates found in this study. In contrast, N deficiency in citrus leaves can cause both increases (SCHAFFER et al, 1986) or decreases SYVERTSEN, 2005) in chloroplast starch accumulation. In both cases, the accumulation of starch within the chloroplasts is accompanied by damage and disorientation of the grana and thylakoids SYVERTSEN, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure and plasticity of Coffea arabica L. in response to light and nitrogen availability

Pompelli

Cabrini

et al. 2012

Biotemas

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ResumoAnatomia foliar, ultra-estrutura e plasticidade de Coffea arabica L. em resposta à luz e nitrogênio. A plasticidade fenotípica em resposta às variações ambientais ocorre em todos os níveis de organização, em escala temporal dentro da mesma espécie vegetal. Entretanto, a magnitude e a significância funcional desta plasticidade são pouco exploradas em espécies perenes. Nós examinamos a influência de diferentes regimes de luz e concentrações de nitrogênio (N) na plasticidade morfofisiológica de plantas jovens de café (Coffea arabica L.). Os experimentos foram realizados em vasos a pleno sol e sob sombra e fertilizados com solução de Hoagland contendo 0, 16 ou 23mM de N. A maioria das características em reposta à luz demonstram uma clássica distinção entre plantas expostas a pleno sol e sob sombra [e.g. comparadas com as folhas desenvolvidas a pleno sol, as folhas desenvolvidas em 50% de irradiância tiveram um parênquima paliçádico mais delgado e uma menor massa foliar específica (MFE)]. A parede periclinal externa de ambas as faces da epiderme apresenta uma espessa camada de cera epicuticular, composta por três distintas camadas. Os cloroplastos das células do mesofilo são densamente ocupados por tilacóides, além de grãos de amido facilmente visualizados e essa característica é visualizada de forma mais evidente nas plantas cultivadas com suplemento adicional de nitrogênio e à sombra. O índice de plasticidade foi alto para as características fisiológicas associadas à fotoproteção e a manutenção de um balanço positivo de carbono nas plantas aclimatadas a sombra, mas foi baixo para a maioria das características morfoanatômicas. Palavras-chave: Café; Ciclo das xantofilas; Enzimas antioxidantes; Índice de plasticidade AbstractPhenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation occurs at all organizational levels and across temporal scales within plants. However, the magnitude and functional significance of this plasticity is little explored in perennial species. We examined the influence of different light regimes and nitrogen (N) availability on the morphological and physiological plasticity of coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L.). Potted plants were grown under full sunlight and shade (50%) and were fertilized with Hoagland's solutions containing 0, 16 or 23mM N. Most leaf traits responded to light with a classic full sunlight vs. shade dichotomy [e.g., compared with those grown under full sunlight, 50% leaves had a thinner palisade mesophyll and a lower leaf mass per area (LMA) for improved light capture]. The outer periclinal cell walls in both epidermises exhibited thick epicuticular wax and three distinct layers. Chloroplasts of the mesophyll cells were densely occupied by thylakoids and starch grains. These characteristics were observed most clearly in plants supplemented by nitrogen or in those grown in shade conditions. Large starch granules were observed, but no membrane injuries were observed in either treatment. The plasticity index was high for the physiological traits that are associated wi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure and plasticity of Coffea arabica L. in response to light and nitrogen availability

Pompelli

Cabrini

et al. 2012

Biotemas

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“…Leaves with excessive accumulation of carbohydrates often exhibit yellowing in association with lower CO 2 assimilation. This has been observed in leaves of both herbaceous plants and trees grown at elevated CO 2 (Cave et al 1981;Wullschleger et al 1992;Keutgen et al 1997;Sicher 1998), in leaves of 'Golden Delicious' apple trees after deblossoming (Schupp et al 1992), in citrus leaves after branch girdling and fruit removal (Schaffer et al 1986), and in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing yeast invertase in the cell wall (Stitt et al 1991). Although the effect of excessive accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates on leaf CO 2 assimilation has been well documented, it remains unclear how the down-stream processes that utilize carbohydrates in leaves respond to excessive accumulation of carbohydrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Metabolism of organic acids, nitrogen and amino acids in chlorotic leaves of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) with excessive accumulation of carbohydrates

Wang

Cheng

2010

Planta

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Metabolite profiles and activities of key enzymes in the metabolism of organic acids, nitrogen and amino acids were compared between chlorotic leaves and normal leaves of 'Honeycrisp' apple to understand how accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates affects the metabolism of organic acids, nitrogen and amino acids. Excessive accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates and much lower CO(2) assimilation were found in chlorotic leaves than in normal leaves, confirming feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in chlorotic leaves. Dark respiration and activities of several key enzymes in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ATP-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were significantly higher in chlorotic leaves than in normal leaves. However, concentrations of most organic acids including phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, malate and fumarate, and activities of key enzymes involved in the anapleurotic pathway including PEP carboxylase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase and NAD-malic enzyme were significantly lower in chlorotic leaves than in normal leaves. Concentrations of soluble proteins and most free amino acids were significantly lower in chlorotic leaves than in normal leaves. Activities of key enzymes in nitrogen assimilation and amino acid synthesis, including nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, ferredoxin and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were significantly lower in chlorotic leaves than in normal leaves. It was concluded that, in response to excessive accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates, glycolysis and TCA cycle were up-regulated to "consume" the excess carbon available, whereas the anapleurotic pathway, nitrogen assimilation and amino acid synthesis were down-regulated to reduce the overall rate of amino acid and protein synthesis.

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“…It was found that surgical treatment did not have a significant influence on leaf photosynthesis for moderate fruit bearing (Di Vaio et al, 2001;Iglesias et al, 2002;Nii, 1992;Schechter et al, 1994). On the other hand, for extremely low fruit bearing or no fruit, surgical treatment induced both starch accumulation and photosynthetic reduction in leaves of the apple (Nii, 1989;Schechter et al, 1994), peach (Jordan and Habib, 1996;Nii, 1992), nectarine (Di Vaio et al, 2001), grape (Caspari et al, 1998;Roper and Williams, 1989), citrus (Iglesias et al, 2002;Li et al, 2003;Schaffer et al, 1986), avocado (Davie et al, 1995;Schaffer et al, 1987), and kiwifruit (Piller et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Reduced Photosynthesis in the Apple Leaf under Sink-limited Conditions Due to Girdling

Cheng

Arakawa

Kasai

et al. 2008

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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On the 6th day after girdling, the photosynthesis rate of leaves on the 3-year-old stem, 2-year-old stem and new shoot of a branch of a field-grown 4-year-old apple tree decreased. The starch content in the leaves, bark and wood significantly increased, especially in shoot leaves. In the girdled branch, concomitant with the photosynthesis reduction, on the 6th day after girdling, the stomatal conductance of leaves on the 3-year-old stem, 2-year-old stem and new shoot declined. Under this condition, a significant correlation between the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance could be recognized. On the other hand, with girdling, the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) per leaf area decreased on the basis of the decrease in RuBPcase activity per unit enzyme protein. The initial activity of RuBPcase per leaf area in shoot leaves decreased. Moreover, the activity of RuBPcase per leaf area significantly correlated with the photosynthesis rate. Based on these results, it is suggested that the decrease in the photosynthesis rate of the sink-limited branch of a young apple tree 6 days after girdling is mainly caused by closing of the stomatal aperture and reduction of RuBPcase activity per leaf area.

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Citrus Leaf Chlorosis Induced by Sink Removal: Starch, Nitrogen, and Chloroplast Ultrastructure

Cited by 90 publications

References 19 publications

Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure and plasticity of Coffea arabica L. in response to light and nitrogen availability

Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure and plasticity of Coffea arabica L. in response to light and nitrogen availability

Metabolism of organic acids, nitrogen and amino acids in chlorotic leaves of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) with excessive accumulation of carbohydrates

Analysis of Reduced Photosynthesis in the Apple Leaf under Sink-limited Conditions Due to Girdling

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