Clarithromycin-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterisation and Antibacterial Activity on Streptococcus pneumonia

Abstract

Chitosan (CS) is a linear copolymer of β-(1-4)linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-D-glucopyranose, obtained by deacetylation of its parent polymer chitin, the second most abundant in nature after cellulose [1] . The bactericidal action of CS is well known and is due to an electrostatic interaction between NH 3 + groups of CS and phosphoryl groups of phospholipid components and lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell membranes. This leads to an increase in the permeability formation of pores and finally disrupts the bacterial cell wall [2][3][4] . Bacterial infectious diseases ranging from cutaneous infection to deep-seated life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, and other metastatic complications [5][6][7] . Antibiotic are the usual treatment for bacterial infection [8] . Bacterial infectious disease is still responsible for considerable global mortality despite antibiotic treatment [9][10][11] . The major challenges faced by localized treatment of respiratory tract infections are the rapid absorption and clearance of antibiotics from the lungs. A critical obstacle and challenge for bacterial infectious therapy concerns the limited availability of effective biocompatible delivery system for most hydrophobic therapeutic and antimicrobial resistance. Intracellular infections and acquired resistance of infectious microbes are also key challenges [12] .The clinical treatment failure of bacterial infectious disease is associated with low bioavailability of antibiotics, side effects of antibiotics, tissue and cellular barriers, biofilm-related infection and the emergence of resistant bacteria. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles have been shown to have the potential to provide controlled drug delivery to the lungs, with sustained release of drugs so as to prolong drug

Efficiency of Rifampin-loaded chitosan NPs in Killing of Brucella melitensis Isolated From Aborted Sheep in Wasit Province, Iraq

“…Another interaction was observed when the volume ratio of tripolyphosphate (TPP) increased and the zeta potential decreased in. This confirmed that is largely attributed to the dependence of the formation of NPs on the TPP concentration that crosslinked with free NH2 groups [24]. Positive surface charges due to functional groups in CH chains are taken into account in prepared formulations.…”

“…The PDI value can vary from monodisperse systems to highly disperse systems with a values ranging from 0.00 to 1.00, respectively with a relatively larger size distribution indicating a PDI value greater than 0.5. However, for all formulations, especially for the CHNP formulation a small size distribution was observed [24,36,37]. In our results Positive overall of the values of Zeta Potential for CHNPs owing to the carboxyl group of chitosan (CH) [38].…”

“…Rifampin (Sanofi, France) was used as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. According to Ebrahimi et al [24], with some modifications, one gram of chitosan powder was dissolved in (100) ml of acetic acid solution (1% v/v). Then 50 ml of NaCl solution (3 g/L) were added and stirred at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes.…”

“…The mean particle size, zeta potential (ZP) and polydispersity index (PDI) of the prepared NPs were measured by using The [Malvern Nano ZS 90 (Malvern Instruments, UK)] after a proper dilution with distilled water (DW) [24].…”

“…In addition, It has been shown that positively charged NPs can be adsorbed on the bacterial surface and are closely associated with bacteria [40]. The roughly spherical and subspherical in shape and positive surface charges of the NPs could be a possible explanation for the stabilization of the NPs [24]. The adding of Tween 80 and the surfactants to the CH solution modified the surface equilibrium to viscous forces to allow a smooth particle surface and improved particle sphericity.…”