“…Various types of surrogates are commonly used in expensive optimization, including polynomial response surface methodology [27], radial basis function [28], Gaussian process model, also known as Kriging model [29], or sometimes as efficient global optimization (EGO), artificial neural networks [30], and support vector machines [31]. A variety of surrogateassisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) were proposed to handle single-objective optimization using classification or regression based fitness approximation, e.g., the neural network assisted evolution strategy [32], the feasibility structure modeling assisted memetic algorithm [33], the classificationassisted memetic algorithm [34], and the surrogate-assisted cooperative particle swarm optimization [35]. Furthermore, many SAEAs for expensive multi-objective optimization were proposed in the past decades, e.g., the generalized surrogateassisted multi-objective memetic algorithm (GS-MOMA) [36], the weighted aggregation based multi-objective optimization assisted by efficient global optimization (ParEGO) [37], the efficient global optimization assisted MOEA/D (MOEA/D-EGO) [21], the Pareto rank learning MOEA [38], and the Kriging assisted RVEA (K-RVEA) [39], for solving MaOPs.…”